Internet Protocol Version 6 Ipv6 And The Future Of The...

Internet Protocol version 6 was first proposed in the 1990s by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6 was to be the predecessor of IPv4. It was designed to support the Internet’s extensive growth and address security concerns through packet-level encryption and stepped-up authentication. It would also allow routers to better manage traffic flow through such features as packet labeling. (The Tortured History of Internet Protocol v6). The need for IPv6 is growing by the day. There are good amount of reasons why the migration of IPv6 is not only desirable, but necessary in days to come. Some of the areas were IPv6 benefit from are reduced address space, advanced security features, enhanced quality of service, and stateless auto configuration. (IPv6 and the Future of the Internet). Address Space One area were IPv6 trumps IPv4 is address space. IPv4 is a 32 bit address and provides about 4.3 billion internet addresses. IPv6 is 128 bit address and provides about 340 trillion internet addresses. Since the earth is around 7 billion in population, IPv4 is no longer enough for all the devices on earth. Because of IPv4 limitations, the implementation of IPv6 became more of a necessity. This abundant number of IPv6 addresses makes it more than enough for every person on earth to have billions of addresses for every device they own. (Infographic: IPv4 vs IPv6). Security Features One of the concerns with IPv6 is security. With so many more individuals and devices communicating,Show MoreRelatedInternet Protocol Is The Primary Protocol707 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: Internet Protocol is the primary protocol in the internet layer of the OSI networking model. IP’s job is to deliver packets from a source computer to a destination computer. As of May 2015, about 97% of web traffic uses IPv4. IPv6 is a 128-bit address. IPV6 is the standard fundamental infrastructure to the internet addressing. It helps us to simplify the transition from ipv4 to ipv6. Mainly ipv6 helps us in TCPIP networking and addressing architecture. The present variant of the Internet conventionRead MoreNext Generation Internet Protocol IPV6 Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesAs the internet growth rate has been reached to a very high level, and using a heavy multimedia application such as video and audio stream, Qos (Quality of Service) technology has become more relevant and important. IPV6 (Next generation internet protocol) have more features and characteristics then IPV4 such as providing more address space and new fields that can be used to enhance and make the usage of IP Network more frequent even with the sensitive traffic flow. The currently used Ipv4 whichRead MoreWhy Ipv6 Is Better Than Ipv41632 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the Internet Protocol, IPv4 to IPv6 3 Disadvantages of IPv4 3 Advantages of IPv6 4 Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 5 Procedures and Results 5 Discussion 5 Conclusions 5 References 7 â€Æ' Abstract IPv6 is the latest version of internetworking protocol designed to answer all the limitations of the current standard Internet Protocol IPv4. Transitioning to the next generation of Internet Protocol became an issue with the mass standardisation of IPv4 since the early start of Internet. And due toRead MoreProtocols For The Communication Protocol1691 Words   |  7 PagesIPV 6 ABSTRACT: We have many protocols for the communication. Among them if we take communication protocol which is related to internet, the popular and which is using today is IPV 4. In this paper we are going to discuss about the later version IPV6. INTRODUCTION: Internet protocol is a communication protocol which provides location and identification of computers on networks and routes traffic across the internet. IPV6 is the latest version of internet protocol. It was developed by internet engineeringRead MoreIpv4 : Ipv6 And Ipv62486 Words   |  10 PagesIPv4 VS IPv6 Team: Chad Bourque Jaime Kanashiro Siddique Chaudhry IT 300-002 Vera Goodacre 3 December 2014 Introduction IPv6 or Internet Protocol Version 6 is the most recent update to Internet protocol that will be replacing Internet Protocol Version 4 in the near future. This new Internet protocol is the successor of the now almost obsolete IPv4 [6]. The statistics of IPv6 compared to IPv4 is amazing and to be honest mind blowing. IPv6 is significantly greater than version 4 in all of the categoriesRead MoreIpv4 vs Ipv62721 Words   |  11 PagesIPv4 vs. IPv6 Dorina Dibra South Eastern European University dorina.dibra@gmail.com ABSTRACT Network improvement has become follower in today’s modern life. The more we work the more we are affected to network and thus normally having always new requirements. To implement more efficient methods is needed first to predicate them. This predication needs to be developed before the requirements are very high. Users always expect more from networking while they compare old and current methods they’reRead MoreInternet Protocol And Its Effect On The Internet1698 Words   |  7 Pagesas smart phones and laptops, connect to the internet requiring a unique internet address for them to make the internet to function. The internet addresses are provided by the internet protocol (Levin Stephen, 2014). Currently, the very large proportion of the internet protocol (IP) addresses are provided by the internet protocol vision 4(IPv4) (Hamarsheh, Marnix , Rafe , 2011). The address format in IPv4 is dotted decimal notation. Internet protocol visions 4 uses 32-bit address which c an provideRead MoreA New Version Of Mtm6d1661 Words   |  7 Pagesof attacks against node s privacy can occur. In this paper a new version of MTM6D (MTM6D II) is presented to resolve the above shortcomings. Further- more, a suggestion is proposed to prevent black hole at- tacks, as a part of DoS attacks (in which a compromised router on the path between two hosts discards packets instead of forwarding them) and bandwidth depletion DDoS attacks (that only need the subnet ID instead of the exact IPv6 address of a target). A method is also presented to recover theRead MoreA Comparision Of Dual Stack Vs Tunneling1674 Words   |  7 Pages A COMPARISION OF DUAL STACK VS TUNNELING IN A MIXED IPV4 / IPV6 ENVIRONMENT SHAILA_MODEM_13777MS BATCH : SAT 3:15 PM INTRODUCTION INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) The IP provides a connectionless delivery system that is unreliable and on a best-effort basis. The IP specifies the basic unit of data transfer in a TCP/IP internet as the datagram. Datagrams may be delayed, lost, duplicated, delivered out of sequence, or intentionally fragmented, to permit a node with limited buffer space toRead MoreOspf vs Eigrp4544 Words   |  19 PagesComparison of Routing Protocols OSPFv3 and IS-IS for IPv6 Environment By Nilesh Doiphode TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 LIST OF FIGURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 1.2 Discussion, Problem Statement and Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 1.3 Need for this Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 CHAPTER

The Effects Of Minor Alcohol And Caffeine Use - 1309 Words

Perceived Effects of Minor Alcohol and Caffeine Use Caffeinated drinks and alcohol make a considerable amount of the beverage varieties that the average person consumes. Beyond personal tastes, the reasons for consuming coffee are generally to help promote productivity and added alertness when an individual is lacking energy. As, for alcohol, it is normally consumed to relax and produce a kind of euphoria. With substances as widely used as these are, I believe that it is important to find the boundaries of where each substance begins to take effect in the human body. The placebo effect has been shown to be a significant influence throughout different drug trials. So at small doses of caffeine or alcohol, is it the expected reactions that cause peoples response, or does caffeine and alcohol produce significant effects for individuals no matter how small the amounts? A study performed by Kamimori, McLellan, Tate, Voss, Niro, and Lieberman (2015) tested how effective high doses of caffeine were when they used participants that under gone periods with decreased amounts of sleep. Participants were separated into two groups that either received doses of caffeine throughout the day, or received a placebo. They were tested on levels that would be advantageous in military situations where lack of sleep would be a common issue. These measures included reaction time, logical reasoning tests, and assessments of cognitive function and live-fire marksmanship. The results of thatShow MoreRelatedEffects of Caffeine on The Human Boby1075 Words   |  5 PagesIt doesn’t matter what time it is because caffeine is being gulped down all around the clock. Studies have shown that about 90 percent of North American adults consume caffeine everyday or 300 tons all around the world, because let’s face it whether you have a research paper due tomorrow or just need a wake up call to your morning, many of us lean towards caffeine to give us that extra energy. In which, according to the FDA, the average caffeine consume r will take up to 200 milligrams daily, or aboutRead MoreCaffeine And How It Effects Your Health1497 Words   |  6 Pages Caffeine and how it Effects Your Health Many people have their opinions on how much caffeine one should intake in a day. Some carefully watch their diet and some don’t even care what they are putting in to their body. Many different people have different thoughts about caffeine and there are several answers why they think that way. The people that don’t consume caffeine often usually try to stay away from it because they see the disadvantages to consuming caffeine. They think that the cons outweighRead MoreShould Drug Use Be Considered A Disorder? Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pages When should drug use be considered a disorder rather than an accepted normality? Many have debated over the misuse of legal and illegal drugs, whereas there are numerous people that take ten different types of pills a day, there are those that never touch drugs, and then there are people that believe ‘harsher’ drugs can change the way you live life. Since countless of these household standards are practiced worldwide, the principles of what is deemed ‘normal’ might be harder to evaluate. The textbookRead MoreDrivers Ed Module 81466 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Module 8 Notes Teens who drink are at higher risk for date rape, pregnancy, HIV and other STDs, assault, drowning, alcohol poisoning, alcohol dependency, DUI-related injury and death (yours and/or others) If you are under 18, you can be sued for acts committed while drinking, such as vandalism, physical assault, and date rape. Property damage may not be covered by insurance if alcohol is involved Your parents are liable for any underage drinking that takes place at their residence. thereRead MoreThe Case Of Phineas Gage Discussed By Cacioppo Fregberg869 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific data in prosecution is demonstrated in the many advances in forensics and dependence on expert witnesses to support cases; however, the extent to which neuroscience is welcomed by prosecution seems more ambiguous. While courts may allow the use of certain aspects of neuroscience to bolster fact gathering and validate witness testimony, there are rehabilitative contributions that may be resisted (Ryberg, 2014). Philosophical views favoring consequential punishment for criminal behavior overRead MoreSleep Deprivation On College Students1468 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung adults and teenagers. The symptoms include sleepiness, mood changes, difficulty concentrating, impaired performance, memory, and thinking problems, and somatic complaints. These symptoms may sound like just a minor problem. However, if they happen just once it can become a domino effect, or add overtime as they beg in to become a bit more troubling to one and their body. This change will begin to affect one’s self and performance greatly. 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Avoid processed foods that are loaded with MSG, aspartame, caffeine, alcohol, hydrogenated fats, synthetic enhancers, flavorings, colors, preservatives, and other additives that are detrimental to health. Have a regular physical exercise outdoor with abundance of fresh air and sunshine. It is good for burning up excessRead MoreA Brief Note On Academic And Experiential Learning1038 Words   |  5 Pagestaking on prevention and intervention strategies will be utilized through is a combination of psychoeducational and small groups. Psychoeducational groups work on developing and expanding students’ cognitive, social and behavioral perceptions of drug use (Corey, Corey Corey, 2014) while counseling groups will focus on personal, emotional and social/interpersonal development, problem-solving and in introducing new skill sets, which students can practice and apply outside of the school setting. 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The airline industry and its deregulation - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss aboutThe airline industry and its deregulation. Answer: Introduction The report helps in analyzing the different key forces that are having huge influence on the Virgin Airlines that is one of the companies of the entire Virgin Group of Companies. The Porters Five Forces analysis is required to be done for the Virgin Airlines in understanding the new entrants, buyers, substitutes and competitors in the market. The main aim and purpose of the report is to understand whether the decisions mentioned in the respective case study are non-programmed or programmed. The generic strategies have to be analyzed, as this will help in understanding the different issues that are appearing the company. The structure of the report includes proper SWOT, PESTLE, and Porters Five Forces analysis, as this will help in analyzing the issues in an effective manner. Analysis of the key forces in the general environment The macro environment is described with the help of PESTEL analysis that helps in analyzing the long-term influences. This is one of the best analytical tools in analyzing the external environment of Virgin Airlines for understanding decline or growth in the market ("VirginAmerica.com's New Look", 2018). It helps in understanding and identifying the different political, legal, economic, environmental, social and technological influences for the entire business environment. Political is one the factors that help in understanding the political influence on the entire Virgin airlines. In the year 2016, the Virgin Atlantic has operated in political environment that was challenging in nature (Suki, 2014). This was characterized by different kind of terrorist attacks in different destination key markets such as Brussels, Nice and Paris. The biggest shock politically was Brexit that occurred in the month of June in the year 2016wherein Britain voted to leave EU and there were huge uncertainty in the entire economy of United Kingdom (Daft Albers, 2015). There are different potential implications that included regulatory compliances wherein there were no future policy as well. Furthermore, the entire expansion of the Heathrow post Brexit will help in allowing carriers such as Virgin Atlantic as this will offer different direct flights in such a manner that included 40 new cities as well (Zou, Elke, Hansen Kafle, 2014). Economic is another environmental wherein the entire uncertainty following Brexit has economic impact on different British Airlines that included Virgin Atlantic. According to the different annual reports, as there was a drop in the Pound Sterling value, the revenues that is generated by Virgin Atlantic in the USA was negatively impacted as the largest expenses of the Virgin Airlines are in dollars and the revenues are in pounds. It has been seen that there was huge impact on the financial results of the company that was negative in nature amounting to 50million despite of different hedging profits (Ognyanova Ball-Rokeach, 2015). Social environment is another analysis wherein in the peak season of summer in 2016, it was difficult for Virgin Airlines to operate in an effective manner. There were number of union strikes of ATC that has hit France in the year 2016, as there was social unrest over series of different labor reforms that was disputed in nature (Misopoulos, Mitic, Kapoulas Karapiperis, 2014). This has caused different cancellation of flights of Virgin Atlantic Airlines to and over France. In the year 2017, a five-day strike has affected the different flights from UK and Virgin Atlantic along with other airlines had developed action plan in order to minimize the different strikes in ATC on the different passengers (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). Technological environment is another component wherein the entire airline industry is undergoing disruption digitally. The digital technologies are changing the entire structure of cost of the airline industry enabling new entrants that are WOW Air, in order to use the digital technology to disrupt the carriers of the legacy such as Virgin Atlantic (Dai, Liu Serfes, 2014). The Virgin Airlines has invested in the IT systems such as crew tablet devices, as this will help the managers to deliver personalized and seamless services to the passengers. The respective airlines will help in minimizing the disruptions digitally while taking proper advantage of the technology. Legal environment is another component, wherein in the month of December 2016, the pilots of Virgin Atlantic decided in order to take action industrially in row over recognition of union after the union of the pilots. The union of the professional pilots helped in representing over more than 75% of the virgins more than 900 pilots that demanded to be solely recognized kind of union for the pilots as well as for British Airline Pilots Association to be derecognized (Wiman, Walton, Shearer, Rondon Lee, 2015). Environmental is one component wherein Virgin Atlantic Airlines faced sustained operational kind of disruption in such a manner that caused due to the different weather disruptions. Due to the thunderstorms in the South East England, it has led to different cancelations for the entire airline industry that included Virgin Airlines as well (Mills, 2017). Five Forces analysis of Virgin Airlines Rivalry among the different competitors is one the five forces wherein it can be seen that Virgin Atlantic Airlines has different competitors who have entered in order to gain profit of the respective airlines. The entire airline industry does not gain profits on a regular basis, it has stopped different competitors to enter into the market and the competition is high in nature as well (Lee Leskey, 2015). The entry as well as exit barriers for the entire aviation industry is quite high in nature as this has been seen that there is huge amount of capital required for entering into the sector. There are relatively few competitors in the market for Virgin Atlantic Airlines and this has created and limited competition as well. The number of competitors in the entire airline industry is less and Virgin Atlantic Airlines has taken huge space in the entire airline industry (Han Hwang, 2017). Bargaining power of the Buyers is wherein the consumers or buyers hold huge power due to greater system of distribution (Heizer, 2016). There are different channels wherein the tickets are booked wherein the buying patterns or the power has influenced the Virgin Atlantic, as there are huge numbers of choices available in terms of different fares. The online system of booking has helped in providing different options to the customers for booking tickets. The product is important to the different customers, as this will help in analyzing the entire volume that is required to be analyzed in the airline company (Grant, 2016). Bargaining power of Suppliers is one of the components wherein the suppliers of the aircrafts are Boeing and Airbus. There are different suppliers including the ones who make spare parts and taking into consideration that the entire airline industry has no such carriers as it will dominate itself from terms of suppliers (Kaynak Kucukemiroglu, 2015). The power of the suppliers is becoming low in nature in terms of the cost of fuels that is a premium product where buyers are taken as favorable product for the entire company. The suppliers has to be kept in mind in such a manner that this will help in analyzing that suppliers is valuable in nature and this will help in analyzing the low concentration of the suppliers (Rezaei, Fahim Tavasszy, 2014). Threats from the entry of new entrants is another force wherein Virgin Airlines faces tougher external environment and this has made hard for the different entrants to take a place in the entire competitive market. Furthermore, yet once a particular company has entered into the business, it can rise to the peak or decline in the position of the entrants. Proper high requirements of capital is essential in nature as this helps in understanding the different threats from the competitors who are trying to gain such profit from the Virgin Atlantic Airlines. There are different customers who are loyal to different other brands and this can affect the Virgin Airlines to suffer and this will be affecting the entire loss to the respective airline company. Substitute of existing products is another component wherein there are no such threats for Virgin Atlantic Airlines. The main priority of the Virgin Atlantic is the customers who chose to travel by air (Snider Williams, 2015). As there is ongoing recession, there are different companies are utilizing these options such as telecommunication as well as virtual meetings as this will avoid travel and continue to work. The other substitute companies or airline companies are of low quality and standards and this will be strength for the Virgin Airlines as well. There is limited number of substitutes in the entire market, as this will help in gaining huge competitive advantage in the market (Williams, 2017). SWOT analysis of Virgin Airlines A proper SWOT analysis of the Virgin Airlines helped in analyzing the different strengths and weaknesses that is faced by the Virgin Airlines. The SWOT analysis helps in understanding the internal and external performance and situations. Strengths Virgin Atlantic Airlines enjoys brand reputation that is strong in nature and this was ranked sixth in the survey of the best airlines. Virgin Airlines has been rated as one of the top airlines in the entire airline industry The fleet has been modernized in nature The Virgin Airlines has been awarded as the best cabin crew from Airlineratings.com The new VHQ headquarters has been opened in the month of September Virgin Airlines has launched AIR4, Virgin Atlantics transformation technologically in the history of the company Weaknesses There has been heavy reliance on the personality of the celebrity of Richard Branson for the brand promotion of the respective airlines Heavy competition from the cash rich gulf airlines Disproportionate growth has skewed the flights of USA when it is compared to the other high growth regions such as China, Middle East and India Opportunities The government has approved third run away at Heathrow is the best opportunity for BA There has been continued low prices of the fuel in the year 2017 that will translate the low cost of the fuels Virgin Atlantic Airlines can increase their different routes and destinations internationally Threats Brexit from Europe created uncertainty in the environment of business and the financial markets Digital disruption continues to be major threat There has been adverse conditions of the weather The rise in the cost of the labor is affecting the margin for the Virgin Atlantic Airlines There has been huge change in the regulations of the airways and the increase in the cost of the fuels as well Continuation feud between the PPU and Balpa has been recognized as sole union of Virgin Airlines From the above SWOT analysis, it can be analyzed that there are different strengths of the Virgin Atlantic Airlines that include that it has strong foundation along with efficient services. The Virgin Atlantic Airlines has satisfied and proper base of the customers and this has become the preferred airlines for the affluent customers as well. The advertising technique that is used by Virgin Atlantic is innovative in nature and Richard Branson does the entire branding. Virgin Atlantic Airlines has carried more than 5 million passengers in a whole year and it has become the largest British Airlines with more than thirty-five destinations. Furthermore, there are different weaknesses of the Virgin Atlantic Airlines that included that there is severe amount of competition for the respective airlines in the market. The market share of Virgin Atlantic Airlines has been limited in nature and the growth is limited as well. The global presence has been limited in nature that can cause issues for Virgin Atlantic Airlines and this is specially taking place in the emerging countries. Furthermore, there are different opportunities for the Virgin Atlantic Airlines that included Heathrow terminal is major hub across the entire world and it has created huge presence. The respective airlines have leveraged their strong presence of brand as this helped in penetrating globally in the market. The Virgin Atlantic Airlines is increasing the international destinations and routes as well. Lastly, there are threats to the respective airlines named Virgin Atlantic Airlines that included that there is rise in the cost of the fuel along with changing regulations of the aviation industry as well. The huge amount of rise in the cost of the labor affects the entire margins for the Virgin Atlantic Airlines and there is huge competition in the entire European market as well. It has been seen that there are different competitors of Virgin Atlantic Airlines that included British Airways, Qatar Airways and Emirates. Analysis of the decisions: Programmed or Non-Programmed The decision that has been mentioned in the Virgin Group is programmed in nature, as there have been different situations in the respective airlines. The officials of the respective group have encountered such situations that include business of Virgin Rail wherein there has been competition and lost bid for the 15 years to the rival FirstGroup. The entire Virgin Group help in surviving all over again after such issues that has taken place and the decisions that are taken by the entire group has implemented different strategies presently that helped them in solving such crisis and issues in an effective manner. There has been different uncertainty in the business matters that is causing issues in the entire business. This has caused and implemented higher level of risk factors in the business of the Virgin group regarding specific decisions. The programmed decisions are related to the different daily activities that can be handled with the help of different business rules and procedures. Virgin Group is using such techniques in an effective manner, as this will help them in solving the different matters wherein too much discussion is not required as well. In the programmed decisions, the managers of the Virgin Group had made real decisions as this will specify different procedures to follow when the similar kind of situations occur in the organization. Example of dependency of decisions From the example of Virgin Rail, it can be analyzed that the dependency of the decisions is related to the different flaws that has occurred in the different decisions that has been taken by other companies in Virgin Group. With the help and dependency of different rules, regulations and procedures, it will be easier for Virgin Group to make appropriate changes relating to the decisions of their company. Analysis of the emergent view of strategy followed by Virgin Group In the last couple of years, the Virgin Group has focused on the geographical expansion strategy of the existing product portfolio. This helps the entire Virgin Group has taken its successful concept of the entire Virgin mobile phones in other countries. The emergent approach that is followed by Virgin and the strategies were partly successful in nature as well. The emergent view of the strategy that is followed by Virgin has to be analyzed in such a manner that this will help the entire Virgin Company in maintaining protecting the brand and this will help them in diversifying the entire business in an effective manner. The emergent view of the strategy that is followed by respective company is experimental in nature wherein the respective company is trying to adopt different changes that will help them in gaining competitive advantage in the entire market. The different generic strategies of the Porter is followed by Virgin Group as this will help in generating different strategies that will help them in expanding their other businesses. The strategies that are emergent in nature and used by Virgin Group of Companies are not successful completely but it is partially successful in nature that has to be taken care of the different issues faced by the other brands of Virgin. The Virgin Group will implement strategies relating to the different issues faced by the company presently as this will help the entire airline company in solving the issues in an effective manner. The effectiveness is essential in nature, as this will help in solving such issues within a specified deadline. Virgin Group requires understanding the different alliances that will help them in minimizing the risks in a positive manner, as this will help in solving the issues. Generic strategies followed by Virgin Group Virgin Group helps in understanding the requirements of the customers and this has been rendered as the niche airlines who are seeking value for money. The Virgin Group has managed in serving different kind of customers in an effective manner. The different generic strategies that can be followed are as follows: Cost leadership: is one of the generic strategies, as this will help in attracting the customers towards their different businesses such as Virgin Mobile Company along with Virgin Atlantic Airlines. The cost leadership strategy is helping the company in increasing their profit by reducing the cost Differentiation: Virgin Group of Companies provides the customers with customized along with different flexible services with their different companies. The different passengers feel delighted in nature when they are offered services that are of their choice and this helps in increasing the satisfaction levels of the customers. On the other hand, there are different ranges mobile phones that are sold by Virgin Mobile Phones that includes ability to deliver good products along with innovative strategies (Putz, Vorwagner Hoch, 2016). Focus is another generic strategy that is adopted by Virgin Group wherein the focus of the group is to enter the niche market along with understanding the market dynamics in an effective manner. The focus strategy does not work alone and therefore, it has to be teamed up with differentiation and cost leadership strategy. Virgin Group of Companies is using Porters Five Forces Generic Strategies in such a manner that it will be competitive in nature. One of the main strategies that are adopted by Virgin Group is to promote the brand all over the market with differentiation strategy. The differentiation strategy helped Virgin Group of Companies to be known as well equipped and convenient in nature for the customers. Issues faced by Virgin Group of Companies There are different other issues that have been faced by Virgin Group of Companies are as follows: There has been huge competitiveness that has been one major problems in Virgin Group of companies and the change in the GDP is reflected on the cost of the fuel in the airlines sector along with rise in the prices of the mobile phones and there has been no integration on the operations (Shaw, 2016) The fuel price has been one of the factors that is faced by the Virgin Atlantic Airlines and this is imposing the charges of fuel on the different customers as well (Berghfer Lucey, 2014) There has been different kind of government legislations that is one of the challenges faced by the Virgin Group of Companies, as there are different sub companies involved with it. There are different changes in the rules and regulations imposed by the government that can affect the respective company negatively The increase in the competition in the entire European market is affecting the entire Virgin Group of Companies and this is affecting the regulations as well There has been severe competition as there has been limited market share growth for Virgin Group of companies especially for the airlines (Baker Saren, 2016) The safety management is another issue that is faced by Virgin Group of Companies that is affecting the customer base of the Virgin Airlines along with Virgin Mobile Phones. There has been different safety issues in the Virgin Airlines that is affecting the customer base and this is affecting reputation of the airlines and there are change in the preferences of the customers in the mobile department (Hapsari, Clemes Dean, 2016) There is lack of operational efficiency in the management of the Virgin Group of companies wherein the customer service is getting affected in a negative manner. This is causing huge negative influence on the airline and mobile companies along with Virgin Rail (Bilotkach, Gaggero Piga, 2015) Therefore, it can be analyzed that Virgin Group of Companies has faced these challenges presently as these are affecting the reputation of the company. The Virgin Group of Companies need to understand the issues in an effective manner as this will help them in solving the issues and gain competitive advantage as well. References Baker, M. J., Saren, M. (Eds.). (2016).Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Berghfer, B., Lucey, B. (2014). Fuel hedging, operational hedging and risk exposureEvidence from the global airline industry.International Review of Financial Analysis,34, 124-139. Bilotkach, V., Gaggero, A. A., Piga, C. A. (2015). Airline pricing under different market conditions: Evidence from European Low-Cost Carriers.Tourism Management,47, 152-163. Daft, J., Albers, S. (2015). An empirical analysis of airline business model convergence.Journal of Air Transport Management,46, 3-11. Dai, M., Liu, Q., Serfes, K. (2014). Is the effect of competition on price dispersion nonmonotonic? evidence from the us airline industry.Review of Economics and Statistics,96(1), 161-170. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: what it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Han, H., Hwang, J. (2017). In-flight physical surroundings: Quality, satisfaction, and traveller loyalty in the emerging low-cost flight market.Current Issues in Tourism,20(13), 1336-1354. Hapsari, R., Clemes, M., Dean, D. (2016). The mediating role of perceived value on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction: Evidence from Indonesian airline passengers.Procedia Economics and Finance,35, 388-395. Heizer, J. (2016).Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Kaynak, E., Kucukemiroglu, O. (2015). Marketing Airlines Internationally: US Travellers Attitude Toward Domestic Versus Foreign Carriers. InProceedings of the 1993 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 176-180). Springer, Cham. Lee, D. H., Leskey, T. C. (2015). Flight behavior of foraging and overwintering brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).Bulletin of entomological research,105(5), 566-573. Mills, A. J. (2017). Man/Aging Subjectivity, Silencing Diversity: Organizational Imagery in the Airline Industry. The Case of British Airways?. InInsights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures(pp. 367-392). Emerald Publishing Limited. Misopoulos, F., Mitic, M., Kapoulas, A., Karapiperis, C. (2014). Uncovering customer service experiences with Twitter: the case of airline industry.Management Decision,52(4), 705-723. Ognyanova, K., Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2015). Political efficacy on the internet: A media system dependency approach. InCommunication and Information Technologies Annual(pp. 3-27). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Putz, J., Vorwagner, E. M., Hoch, G. (2016). Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, potential vectors of the pine wood nematode.Forestry Journal,62(4), 195-201. Rezaei, J., Fahim, P. B., Tavasszy, L. (2014). Supplier selection in the airline retail industry using a funnel methodology: Conjunctive screening method and fuzzy AHP.Expert Systems with Applications,41(18), 8165-8179. Shaw, S. (2016). Airline marketing and management. Routledge. Snider, C., Williams, J. W. (2015). Barriers to entry in the airline industry: A multidimensional regression-discontinuity analysis of AIR-21.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(5), 1002-1022. Suki, N. M. (2014). Passenger satisfaction with airline service quality in Malaysia: A structural equation modeling approach.Research in transportation business management,10, 26-32. VirginAmerica.com's New Look. (2018). Virginamerica.com. Retrieved 12 January 2018, from https://www.virginamerica.com/ Williams, G. (2017).The airline industry and the impact of deregulation. Routledge. Wiman, N. G., Walton, V. M., Shearer, P. W., Rondon, S. I., Lee, J. C. (2015). Factors affecting flight capacity of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).Journal of pest science,88(1), 37-47. Zou, B., Elke, M., Hansen, M., Kafle, N. (2014). Evaluating air carrier fuel efficiency in the US airline industry.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,59, 306-330.

Consumer Behaviour In New Zealand Wine Market

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behaviour In New Zealand Wine Market. Answer: Introduction Background of the Research Brand image is a very necessary quotient for every business organization. It is the process by which the organizations are able to enhance their strengths and potentiality to grab a huge number of customers in the market (Peyrache Bouchenoire, 2010). It is already known to all that the customers are the key stakeholders of every organization. The success and sustenance of the companies depend widely on the buying behaviour of the consumers. People now are more conscious about their status that they only prefer buying branded products that can satisfy their needs. Brand image has a direct impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers and this particular research report will strongly entail the effectiveness of the brand image of the wine market of New Zealand on the consumers. Branding plays a vital role in expanding the efficacy of the business. Identification of the Topic and Research Questions Branding has become the most significant factor in the present world. It is timeless and is the combination of various attributes thereby helping the people to identify a specific product and the company to which it belongs. Through effective branding strategies, the wine market of the country facilitates the consumer decision making process regarding the purchase of the wines. Wine makers of New Zealand are quite ambitious and aim at producing a wide variety of wines of delicious tastes for satisfying the consumers (VEDPATHAK, 2013). New Zealand produces unique wines that have attained immense recognition all over the world. The industry has gained an international reputation as they have involved their efforts and skills in producing tasty wines for the consumers as per their preferences. In this particular research report, the researchers will evaluate how the wine market of New Zealand has been able to attract a huge number of customers thereby influencing their buying behaviour. Certain relevant questions can be highlighted in this respect which will be assessed by the researchers by the end of the study. What are the techniques adopted by the New Zealand wine market to enhance their brand identity? How does the brand image impact on the consumers buying behaviour? How does brand image develop the trust and loyalty of the consumers? How far the New Zealand wine market influences the consumer buying decision and retains them through their brand identities? Significance of theResearch The decisions of the consumers regarding the purchase of the products depend widely on the brand image of the companies. From the previous researches, it has been assessed how the brand image of the wine companies in New Zealand, for instance, Beach House Wines, Bald Hills Vineyard, Greystone Wines, etc., have used several marketing techniques or promotional strategies for the upliftment of their brand standards effectively in both the domestic as well as the international market (Joseph, 2010). Researchers have thoroughly focused on the studies in which the buying behaviour of the consumers has been widely shed light upon. The people particularly rely on the branded products and buy things with the well known brands. Hence, it can be said that the sustainability of the wine industry of New Zealand is definitely based on the interests of the consumers developed by the respective brands of the wine companies. The growing demand for the wines in New Zealand wine market tended the resea rchers to gather enough information and explore the usefulness of the brand image of those companies in the market. Literature Review Introduction A literature review is mainly based on the various information and evidences collected by the past researchers on a particular topic through which a broad understanding and key ideas relating to that particular topic can be evaluated. An in-depth analysis on the effectiveness of the brand image on the consumer buying behaviour of the wine market in New Zealand will be depicted by the researchers in this concerned report. This chapter basically will incorporate numerous findings and analysis of the consumer buying decisions that are influenced by the brand image of the companies in the country. As per the words of Uhlmann (2005), the companies can attain sustainable advantage through proper branding strategies that will make them extensively competitive. This research study has been specifically made to perceive or find out how the brand image can influence the consumer behaviour of the people regarding wines of New Zealand. Concept of Branding Branding is considered to be the most effective marketing tool of the companies that drives the consumers purchasing decisions and their buying behaviours regarding a particular product or service. Brand image creates a positive impact on the minds of the consumers. It is the stamp or identity of the companies on which the people remain dependent. According to Vincent (2012), the consumers very well realise the importance of branding and thus the purchasing products on the basis of such factor. In the wine market of New Zealand, the brands of the wines are being promoted widely so as to grab the attention of many customers. With the development of an excellent brand identity, the companies are able to seek advantage and attain effectiveness successfully. Moreover the wineries of the country can also establish a firm position in the overall New Zealand wine market. Brands can be of very much significance and can create a distinctive image among the people (Solomon, 2003). As per the opinions of Johnson Gustafsson, (2000), customers nowadays are extensively exposed to the products of numerous wine brands in the market. They have the right and freedom to choose any product they want to consume depending on the brand identities. Hence, to achieve success and recognition in the same industry, the companies need to focus on brand publicity and create awareness among the public regarding the qualities and varieties of the products. The wine marketers regard brand as the promise or an oath made to the consumers that the wines that they will buy will be of the best quality and will be the same in the future. This enhances the sales of the companies to a great extent thereby increasing the efficacy of the companies. Adoption of proper branding strategies have made the wine market of the country much efficient and attracted more consumers quite easily (Marketing Greatest Hits, 2010). Lastly it can be depicted that branding provides a positive imprint on the mi nds of the people and thus the consumer buying behaviour is influenced. Importance of Brand in the Organizations Brand is of utmost significance in the organizations. Brand is an important aspect for every organization as it helps to create a long lasting impact in the minds of the consumers (Solomon, 2003). Based on the perspectives and likings of the customers, the wine companies of New Zealand have aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of their products through proper brand identities. Customers are not at all easy to convince. As the conditions and trends of the wine market are constantly changing, the tastes and perceptions of the consumers also are simultaneously changing. Thus, in the words of Meer de Walcheren, (2004), only with the help of the products it is not possible to attract the customers in the market. But when the companies present before the people a combination of the products, their qualities and effective brand image under one roof, the consumers are likely to get attracted towards them. The companies must popularise their products by developing a proper brand image (Wendel l, 2011). It gives recognition to the products and the quality of services that the companies promise to cater to the people. Branding goes much beyond the graphic element or just the companys logo. As it is known that brand is what the customers perceive, hence, it needs to be innovative and creative with the detailed inscription of the qualities and price of the products that they deliver. This in turn will make the consumers attracted and thereby enhance the sale values of the companies, helping them to yield beneficial fruits in the market. Branding Strategies In order to establish a successful brand identity in the market, it is of utmost necessity that the companies need to focus on what all effective and fruitful strategies can be adopted by them so that they can create awareness among the public. Promotion is very much important for the organizations as proper promotion can make them attain a successful position in the market (Uhlmann, 2005). MacRury (2009) stated that advertising is an effective tool that is used by the companies for developing a brand image in front of the consumers. In order to divert the consumers attitudes towards the products, the marketers need to properly advertise and promote their products widely. Advertising can be done by the companies in various ways for instance, through radios, televisions, campaigns, distributing leaflets, banners, hoardings, etc. Moreover, it has been opined by Harden Heyman, (2009) that with the advancement of technology and predominance of social media channels, promotion of the bra nds has become quite easier (Brennan Croft, 2012). Through the help of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google, Instagram, etc. the companies can be able to spread awareness to the public regarding their product brands. Advertisements tend to convince the buying decisions of the people to a great considerable extent (Shimp, 2003). By taking the celebrities as brand ambassadors, the companies aim at creating a positive influence on the people. Advertisements help to build up a strong relationship with the purchasing behaviour of the consumers. It becomes easier for the companies to maintain consistency and keep on attracting customers at a constant pace. As per the opinion of Solomon, (2004), the companies need to make sure that their branding techniques can permeate the entire organizations which will not be possible if they do not incorporate the effective mediums through which they can advertise their products. Hence advertising can be considered as the most effective and beneficial tool for promotion and enhance the brand of the compan ies by influencing the consumer buying behaviour. Impact of Brand Loyalty on Consumer Behaviour As opined by Vedpathak (2010) the buying behaviour of the consumers is considered as a rational asset for every company, as they know the importance of engaging customers in the market. The consumers get associated with those companies who promise them to provide quality products and effective services that will clearly satisfy their needs to a great extent. According to Huffman (2003), the prime purpose of marketing and creating brand awareness among the people is to ensure that the consumers get associated with the products and build up trust upon them on lifelong basis. The creation of brand loyalty is of immense significance. Without such it is quite impossible for the companies to attract customers (Wendell, 2011). There are different kinds of consumers possessing various tastes and preferences that impact on their buying behaviour and purchase decision broadly. Studying about the consumer behaviour involves numerous facts and information that deal with their choices of buying products. As the companies offer the people with the best quality products in the market, they attain brand loyalty and the consumers somewhat start trusting that particular brand. The perceptions of the consumers based on the quality of brands created by the informational cues are firmly associated with the brand (Solomon, 2004). They tend to believe what are being shown to them by the companies. As far as this case is concerned, the wine companies of New Zealand such as Goldie Estate, Glovers Vineyard, etc. have successfully promoted their brands before the consumers and thus they allowed the consumers to make a positive buying decision. Brand image also establishes an emotional attachment with the consumers (Vincent, 2012). Their attitudes and behaviours change with the branding styles of the companies. In the modern world, the consumers are mostly concerned with their status and standard of living and they tend to realise that only the consumption of the branded products can uplift their standards to a high level. They also believe that the branded products will be expensive as they are of superior quality (Marketing Greatest Hits, 2010). Income has got nothing to do with the brand loyalty and purchasing behaviour of the consumers. Sometimes it is seen that the consumers prefer to stick around with one brand rather than switching over to another. These attitudes show that the intensity of trust and loyalty they have on the companies. Trust is the core factor for establishing the long-term relationship between the companies and the customers associated with the wine companies of New Zealand. By virtue of Miller Washington, (2007)The buying behaviour of the consumers is not only based on the purchasing decisions, but also it showcases the understanding level of the companies regardi ng the choices and preferences of the consumers. Thus according to Johnson (2000), with a motive of revealing the influence of brand image on the consumers buying behaviour, it is the first and foremost duty of the companies to build up a strong connection and smooth relationship with them. In this current competitive business world, every company wants to thrive in the market by the increased sale values and competitive advantage. Through the help of brand promotion, they attempt to motivate and convince the consumers to get associated with their products and promise them best buying options. The people positively react to those products and brands that they think will provide benefits more than their expectations. As per the statement of Joseph (2010), they share their knowledge and experience with one another regarding a specific product thereby enabling them to develop a distinctive perception of the brand impacting their buying decisions. Hence, it can be said that the consumer buying behaviour has an effective relationship wi th the brand loyalty and the social status (Vedpathak, 2010). Research Methods Introduction Research methodology is referred to as the most important and significant chapter of a particular research study that focuses widely upon the various relevant facts and information that are being collected by the researchers in order to formulate an effective research outcome (Kumar, 2005). It is a systematic process of unfolding the various unexplored and unidentified evidences that will help the researchers to evaluate and assess the true significance of a particular research topic. In this particular research analysis, the researchers will follow a significant pathway that will foster and explore a broad concept of how brand image of the wine companies in New Zealand can influence the buying behaviour of the consumers in the market. It has been analysed by the past researchers that brand image is of utmost necessity if the companies want to flourish and prosper in the market by gaining quite a huge number of consumers (Coomber, 2002). Thus, the researchers in this study will hereb y find out how the wine companies of the country have extensively enhanced and improved their brand image for grabbing the attention of several customers and influence their buying decisions effectively. Research Paradigm Research paradigm is an approach adopted by the researchers for knowing the unknown dimensions of the research. Through the implication of proper research paradigm, the researchers will be able to identify the relevant information about the topic of the research and with that they can carry out the entire research proceedings with an aim to come out with expected outcomes (Kumar, 2005). For this particular research process, the researchers will aim at adopting the positivism and post-positivism research paradigms through which they can evaluate the positive evidences regarding the effectiveness of branding on the consumer behaviour of the wine market in New Zealand. Also they can portray a post-positive impact on the topic, inundating the positive vivacity of the significant effects of branding strategies on the buying decision of the consumers in the concerned market. Moreover, the incorporation of the effective research paradigms will help the researchers to simplify and describe t he various changes that have been brought in the branding techniques of the wine companies of New Zealand so as to approach new consumers in the wine market of the country. Research Method The entire research will be formulated by the researchers in order to imbibe a clear cut concept of the branding strategies undertaken by the wine companies for attracting the customer on a wide scale basis. In order to cultivate the importance of brand image in influencing the customer buying behaviour in the wine market of New Zealand, the researchers will choose the descriptive research design to broadly describe the key branding strategies adopted by the companies facilitate the consumer buying decisions. Deductive approach must be used so that the researchers can witness the importance of the brand image on catching the eyesight of most of the consumers (Peyrache Bouchenoire, 2010). A proper questionnaire will be formulated and the research participants will be chosen as per convenience to collect maximum information from them regarding the research topic. Convenient sampling technique will be chosen in this case where the researchers will approach the management, marketing exe cutive and staffs and also sales executive and staffs of the top 10 wine companies of New Zealand to get information from them. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedures will be used by the research executors for extracting both primary and secondary data, in order to have effective conclusion for the research study (Newman Benz, 2008). If these processes are not followed by the researchers, then it will not be possible for them to derive expected positive outcomes from the research (Jha, 2008). Incorrect and inappropriate information derived can lead them to yield misleading outcomes that will hamper the efficacy of the research process. Thus, it needs to be ensured all the information collected are viable and reliable enough to have valid feedbacks from the respondents. Sampling In this particular research study, convenient sampling technique will be chosen through which the management, sales executives and staffs, marketing staffs and executives will be selected as respondents of top 10 wine companies of New Zealand. This will help the researchers to reach out the respondents easily and obtain much prcised yet relevant information about the impact of brand image on the consumer behaviour of the wine market of the country. Interviews and seminars will be held where they can approach the participants. A total of 100 respondents will be chosen who will divided into 5 small groups of 10 participants each for having exact data regarding their perceptions to the particular research topic (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2006). Both open ended and close ended questions will be presented before the respondents so that their exact perceptions and opinions of what they think about the effectiveness of the brand image of the breweries on encouraging the consumers to purchase pr oducts of their preferences, can be judged. Not only that the researchers will even refer to various academic books, journals, websites, etc. which will evaluate the insights and perspectives of the respondents regarding the topic of research. Numeric data will also be collected which will underpin the authentic information about the research topic. Analysis of Data The entire data and information collected by the researchers will be analysed and represented in the form of graphs, charts, trend lines, etc. so as to draw attention regarding the strong impact that the brand image of the wine companies of New Zealand has on the minds of the consumers and how it changes the attitudes and behaviour towards buying the products (VEDPATHAK, 2013). Statistical analysis will hereby help the researchers to find out authentic information regarding the extent to which the wine market of New Zealand has attained immense recognition and fame by applying effective branding strategies and spreading awareness among the public about the available quality products, thereby influencing on their buying behaviour. Potential Outcome The research is fairly straight forward and the questions are clearly stated. From the evidence in the relevant literature it is sure that there can be one potential outcome of this research. The people of the local and international market give high value to the brand image of the product they are buying. In case of wine, the brands that are manufactured in the breweries of New Zealand is regarded by the population with high value and the identification of the wine as valuable is decided through the brand of the wine. The brand is not actually only a label but a summary of identifying factors of the specific company and its specific product and a reassurance to the customers about the characteristics of the wine that they are buying (Uhlmann, 2005). So, it is almost sure that the identification of the different brands and the buying decision of the customers depend upon the brand value that is placed upon the different brands of wines and act as the marker for quality of the product . It is clear that the customers depend on the brand of the product to influence their purchasing decisions. The different brands of the New Zealand made wines are no different in this regard than any other product. So, the outcome of the study is going to be indicative of the fact that the different brands of wines in the market that are made in New Zealand have definite dependence on their own brand image to boost sales of the product and retain the customer base (Vincent, 2012). These perceptions of the brand that is created in the mind of the customer definitely create trust and brand loyalty in the customer and the branding is not an optional function in the wine market, it is necessary for the customers to make buying decisions. Steps of the research process Time (weeks) Analysis of the research topic 1 Secondary Data collection 2-3 Literature review 4-5 Surveys and market study 6-7 methodology 8 Data analysis 9-10 Conclusion and recommendations 11 Identification of key assumptions Key Assumptions The key assumption of the study is the belief that the customers of wine in the national and international market depend upon the brand image of the New Zealand made wine to influence their buying decision (Joseph, 2010). Their choice of the product they buy does not depend on the actual taste or quality of the wine but the representation of the brand image. In other words, the projected image of the wine and its quality carry more weight in the customers buying decision than the other qualities of the wine. Limitation of Study The limitation of the study is dependent upon the customers choice of brand as the identification of the particular manufacturer of wine is not dependent on only one factor. The projected image of the wine by the company might not be only one of the reasons influencing the customers to buy that particular brand of wine. There is also the reason of recommendation of a friend or family or the previous experience of tasting the particular wine of the same brand which can act in conjunction with the brand image to influence the buying decisions. The effect of the brand image and their influence on the customers buying decisions in most of the cases cannot be separated (Consumer decision making buying, 2004). This is one of the major limitations of the study as the buying decision can be influenced by several factors and the different factors and their effects cannot be separately judged. This is the main limitation of the study. Potential Threats The futility of trying to find out the reason the customer was influenced to buy any particular brand of wine is one of the most probable threat to the study. If the buying decision is not only influenced by the brand image of the wine manufacturer and also their experience and other promotional elements of the company then the effect of the companys brand image cannot be discerned by the researcher. There is also the case of previous experience of the customer which might generate loyalty of the customer (Joseph, 2010). So, the results of the study can be rendered useless if that is the case. The only way to mitigate this effect is to take the buying decisions of the first time customers into consideration. This will make sure that the customer opinion is not influenced by any other factor and only the brand image will be considered in the buying decision of the customer. Ethical Considerations The ethical considerations of the study are many and each of them is of different importance. The first ethical consideration of the customers is based on the different effect of the study on the customer. The customers that are being considered for the survey must be informed about the survey and their opinion should be considered valid only if they agree to participate in the study (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2006). No one respondent should be forced against their will to participate in the survey and the process needs to be voluntary. The letter of consent needs to be collected from the participants before they participate in the study. There is also going to be secondary data collected in the study and the sources of the data need to be verified by the researcher to make sure that the data collected is going to be relevant and from reliable sources. The Data Protection Act and the compliance with the Data Protection Act of the information collected needs to be verified by the research er so that the data collection does not violate and law. These ethical considerations need to be kept in mind while the data is being collected. Conclusion It is evident from the study that the brand image of the wine brands of the new Zealand are important for the companies, as they often influence first time customers to try the brand. And this choice is almost always based on the brand image of the wine or the projected image of the product that entices the new customers to try the product. There is also the consideration of the fact that the buying decision of the customers and potential customers might be influenced by other factors and they have to somehow be separated from the main reason behind the choices made by the customers (Hamlin Chimhundu, 2007). The research questions will be addressed in the research in the following way. The methods of making a viable brand image will be observed from the marketing operations of the different brands of the New Zealand wine market. The consumer buying behaviour in terms of the brand image and identity will be observed by doing market study and survey among the customers. 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Solomon, M. (2004).Consumer behavior. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Uhlmann, A. (2005).Branding. London: Kogan Page. Vedpathak, S. (2010). Role of Branding in Achieving Customer Loyalty.SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2729124 VEDPATHAK, S. (2013). ROLE OF BRANDING IN ACHIEVING CUSTOMER LOYALTY.E-Library Science Research Journal,I(IV), 1-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.9780/2319-8435/142013/25 Vincent, L. (2012).Brand real. New York: American Management Association. Wendell, M. (2011).The branding. Memphis, TN: Bell Bridge Books.

Woodstock - The Cultural Effects Essays - , Term Papers

Woodstock - The Cultural Effects by Katie Bohr The Woodstock Music and Art and Festival was held August 15 - 17, 1969 on a farm near Woodstock, New York. The farm was owned by Max Yasgur. It was a rock music festival and the starting event of the era known as the Counterculture. Attracted by the presence of the most famous rock music bands and performers of the time, a huge crowd of almost 500,000 fans camped in a meadow and for three days lived in a heavy atmosphere of amplified music drugs and togetherness. The event received nationwide publicity, and many people felt that the new way of life had proved itself. But the illusion of success was hurt four months later at a free outdoor rock concert in California, featuring the Rolling Stones. It was spoiled by violence and ended with four deaths, one of them a murder. The Counterculture The counterculture was a social revolt among middle-class young people. Opposition to the Vietnam War and to a society that could pursue such a war, was at it's core. It had both political and cultural points of view: people who participated in the cultural revolt were called hippies; the political movement was known as the New Left. The revolt had several starting points. Between 1950 and 1964 the college population had more than doubled, reaching to about 5 million. Rock music helped popularize the freer alternate life-styles of young people. The civil rights and peace movements had made the failures of the existing system public. More liberal child - rearing practices had produced a generation that was not unfamiliar to freedom. A youth revolt had occurred in the 1920's. That revolt had concerned itself principally with matters of cultural style and personal behavior. It's symbols were flappers, gin, and jazz (as the counterculture's were long hair, drugs, and rock music). The Hippies The hippies dropped the traditional family in favor of other arrangements based on love. In practice, a person lived however long they wished with whomever they wished, in couples or in groups known as communes. Sexual relations in these groups might occur whenever mutual attraction was strong enough. Hippies chose to live in the present, to "go with the flow," and to "hang loose," over being "uptight". The partly religious nature of the psychedelic experience led many young people to forms of mysticism. Oriental philosophies, like yoga, Zen, Tibetan Buddhism, and the Chinese "I Ching" (Book of Changes), were studied, and their more easily accessible points of view were understood. Others followed Western occult pursuits, such as astrology, tarot, palmistry, and witchcraft. After LSD was banned in 1966, Timothy Leary founded the League for Spiritual Discovery, which recommended legalizing marijuana and LSD as religious sacraments. The Drugs Drugs played a major part in the cultural effects of the Woodstock festival. Hallucinogens like LSD, Psilocybin, Marijuana, hashish, and mescaline worked as social catalysts. These psychedelic drugs completely altered perception, strongly strengthening the belief that society's rules and institutions were optional. Hippies were often arrested for illegal drug activities. Suicides caused by LSD, connected with an epidemic of heroin and other "hard" drugs, destroyed the hope that psychedelic drugs might release human consciousness. The New Left The political aspect of the counterculture was lead by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). This campus group inspired many students to political action. Among it's leaders, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin gained nationwide fame. (These 4 people were also the head of the Woodstock Festival.) Alliances were forged with the "Black Panthers" and other radical minority organizations. The mocking style of the Yippies (Youth International Party) attracted many to the New Left. Both movements shared the goals of personal and societal liberation and had a common enemy : the decline of Western society. The New Left gained national visibility through protest demonstrations in support of the civil rights movement and against the Vietnam War. In 1968 there were violent clashes between police and demonstrators in Chicago at the Democratic National Convention. A radical party, the Weathermen, developed in the SDS. Favoring the use of violence and terror, they went underground in 1969 and began bombings. Decline of the Counterculture While the counterculture

The Iconic Egg-and-Dart Motif

The Iconic Egg-and-Dart Motif Egg-and-dart is a repetitive design that today is most often found on molding (e.g., crown molding) or trim. The pattern is characterized by a repetition of oval shapes, like an egg split lengthwise, with various non-curved patterns, like darts, repeated between the egg pattern. In three-dimensional sculpting of wood or stone, the pattern is in bas-relief, but the pattern can also be found in two-dimensional painting and stencil. The curved and non-curved pattern has been pleasing to the eye for centuries. It is often found in ancient Greek and Roman architecture and, so, is considered a Classical design element. Definition of Egg-and-Dart Egg-and-dart molding is a decorative molding in classical cornices that resembles alternating egg-shaped ovals with downward-pointing darts. - John Milnes Baker, AIA Egg and Dart Today Because its origins are from ancient Greece and Rome, the egg-and-dart motif is most often found in Neoclassical architecture, both public and residential, on interiors and exteriors. The Classical design provides a regal and stately feel to a room or facade. Examples of Egg-and-Dart The above photos illustrate the common ornamentation use of egg-and-dart design. The top photo is a detail of an Ionic column of the Great Court at the British Museum in London, England. This columns capital shows the volutes or scrolls typical of Ionic columns. Although the scrolls are a defining characteristic of the Ionic Classical Order, the egg-and-dart between them are added details- architectural ornamentation more ornate than found on many earlier Greek structures. The bottom photo is a piece of cornice from the Roman Forum in Italy. The egg-and-dart design, which would run horizontally along the top of the ancient structure, is underscored by another design called bead and reel. Look carefully at the Ionic column in the picture above, and youll notice the same bead-and-reel design beneath that egg-and-dart. In the egg-and-dart design on the ancient Parthenon in Athens, Greece combines both of these uses- between volutes and continuous design line on the entablature. Other Roman-inspired examples include the Temple of Saturnus at the Roman Forum in Italy and the Temple of Baal in Palmyra, Syria. What is Ovolo? Ovolo molding is another name for quarter round molding. It comes from the Latin word for egg, ovum, and is sometimes used to describe crown molding decorated with an egg-and-dart motif. Ensure that you understand the meaning of ovolo as used by your architect or contractor because todays ovolo molding does not necessarily mean its decoration is egg-and-dart. So, what is ovolo? A convex molding less than a semi-circle in profile; usually a quarter of a circle or approximately a quarter-ellipse in profile.- Dictionary of Architecture and Construction Other Names for Egg and Dart (with and without hyphens) egg and anchoregg and arrowegg and tongueechinus What Is Echinus and Astragal? This design looks very similar to egg-and-dart with a bead and reel below. The word echinus, however, is architecturally part of a Doric column and the word astragal describes a bead design more simple than bead and reel. Today, echinus and astragal is used by historians and students of Classical architecture- rarely by homeowners. Sources Baker, John Milnes, and W.W. Norton, American House Styles: a Concise Guide. 1994, p. 170.Harris, Cyril M. Dictionary of Architecture Construction. McGraw-Hill, 2006. pp. 176, 177, 344.

The impact og globalisation on communication and impediments towards Essay

The impact og globalisation on communication and impediments towards free growth - Essay Example The impact of the globalization in the previous 150 years has been such wide and massive that often it seems that the global politics and relations are all set bound by the chains of communication that not a single country can take any action without affecting the global communication mechanism. the rise of technology, interdependence of states on each other, growing cultural exchange, availability of information at a press of a button and growth of international and regional organization like UNO, OPEC, SEATO, NATO and EU have over the time changed the way communication has been taken in the long past. The communication and globalization go parallel as both have a directly proportional effect on each other (Ali Mohammadi, 1997). The growth of communication around the world has strengthened the globalization and ever-growing globalization is making communication an important element of the life of countries and societies. It is a undeniable fact of our existence at the moment but the growth of communication and globalization does not go with criticism. ... The world as we see it today is more interdependent and more progressive than before as it has been established that one simply can not reach the shores of success and prosperity without the ships of other nations sailing beside them. This has led the developing countries to make arrangements to take the developed countries along with them. The spread of communication has changed the face of information exchange which is more rapid and immediate than ever before and the world is moving even more social and cultural integration leading the whole state of affairs of the world to be imbued in a single fabric of a single globalized world. The growth of industries and merging markets around the globe has greatly facilitated the growth of international organizations and has put a great impact on globalized production methods. The abrupt change and development in the globalization that is there today is due to the development of communications methods and channels that have not evolved in t he recent years but have taken years to come and develop. The globalization and international communication development is not something that happened in a one or two decades, but the process started with the first man stepping foot ahead to find new lands and opportunities (Thomas L. McPhail, 2010). Globalization of international communication has effected the international laws that govern states and the mutual relations of the states on the global level and leads the nations to devise national policies accordingly to foster concrete communication linkages for mutual development. The development of international communication over time has taken politics and national policy formulation to the international stage. Countries assist and guide each other for responsible national policy

Business plan for entertainment seminar Research Proposal

Business plan for entertainment seminar - Research Proposal Example The company plans to repay the complete start-up debt by the end of the second quarter of the fourth year. Belter-Chan Entertainment, LLC; has been founded by the endowed and talented duo Betty Chan, who will act as the CEO; and Aaron Belter, the designated COO. Betty Chan holds a Masters of Business Administration (MBA) in Management from the University of Southern California (USC) Marshall School of Business, served as a Systems Operator for the US Navy, held a high security clearance while employed with the Governor of California Arnold Scwarzenegger, the US Department of State and the US Department of Labor and has prior production accounting experience with Paramount Pictures, the major motion picture studio located in Hollywood. Aaron Belter was a former Talent Agent with the largest talent agency in the world, the William Morris Agency in Beverly Hills before becoming a Film Producer for his now dissolved motion picture production company Niboucha-Belter Films which was once located at Universal Pictures. After dissolving his motion picture production company, Mr. Belter re-entere d talent representation with Michael Ovitz's Artists Management Group in Beverly Hills as a Talent Manager and after this company closed in 2001, Mr. Belter formed Belter Management where he continued as a Talent Manager and Consulted for motion picture directors and producers in areas production finance and distribution. The new alliance of Belter-Chan will engage in Motion Picture Consulting, Development and Producer Training. Our primarily target audiences interested in advanced Motion Picture Producing Seminar Training Programs will be offered to students and professionals alike and shall include an in depth look to the art and science of producing motion pictures; complete from Acquisition, Development,

Integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Integrity - Essay Example y is a concept that has an ethical angle in itself serves to indicate that it is a complex concept, which can then be defined in different terms, considering the fact that ethics has no definitive interpretation due to the subjectivity of ethical interpretations in the realms of either right or wrong. At this point it becomes inevitable to ask the question; what is integrity? The term integrity can be defined as the consistency and the commitment to honor whatever choices that an individual has made (Killinger, 2). Thus, the concept of integrity cannot be divorced from three major aspects; the consistency of principle, the soundness of mind and the commitment not to adulterate. The ethical and moral perspective views integrity from the point of the honesty of one’s actions (Killinger, 9). Honesty is the aspect of truthfulness that guides both the talk and action of an individual to ensure that both of them are consistent. It is therefore not possible to term a person as being a man of integrity, where the actions of that person are not in line with whatever the person says. Integrity demands that an individual will talk and at the same time, walk the talk (Killinger, 4). Therefore, when the ethical angle of defining integrity is taken, then it demands that no aspect of contradiction should be found within a person. In case an individual is holding conflicting beliefs within, it is only fair that the individual discards the conflicting beliefs and stands for one principle, so as to be regarded as a person of integrity. This is because; integrity and contradiction are two aspects that cannot coexist (Killinger, 8). This aspect fulfills the requirement for consistency of principle as a major element of integrity. The soundness of mind is yet another aspect that integrity must fulfill. The soundness of mind simply means that an individual makes a choice that is well informed, well thought-out and fully considered, so that the individual can be able to stand by that

Educational Strategies for Students with Autism

Educational Strategies for Students with Autism Have a look at the following video which interviews a number of teachers about their work with autistic students. They explain some of the underlying differences in individuals with ASD and suggest strategies for increasing their success in the school setting. Make a note of some of the strategies that they mention. Are they strategies that you have seen used? Within the video there were several different strategies that were introduced, these ranged from individual approaches to work with the student as well as strategies that involved the whole class; not only the student with autism. Kurth and Mastergeorge (2010) comment that there are many teachers and paraeducators that do not have adequate training for students with autism, videos like this can be used as resources for these teachers. The video goes over these strategies and how teachers can integrate them into their classrooms daily. With how the video is set out, there are several teaching strategies that are explicitly talked about however there are also some that are only subtly mentioned or that you can see the teachers doing within the video. However, all these strategies; not just the ones that are explicitly mentioned, have their own places within the classroom to help the students not only succeed but feel comfortable within the classroom and school. The strategies that are mentioned explicitly within the video are; Priming, which is noted as how the teacher; or primary care giver or an aide, informs the student or class about something that is coming. Academic Modification, is explained as modifying lessons and/or activities to be suitable to the student. Home Base, listed as a place for the student to go to when they are needing time to calm down and collect their thoughts. Visual Support, describes the different visual aids that can be utilised within the classroom and outside of the classroom to support the students learning. Reinforcement, this was directly related to positive reinforcement of their behaviours within the classroom and to support personal growth. Although there were only five strategies that are explicitly mentioned within the video, each strategy had other strategies subtly mentioned within their field. Examples of the subtle strategies mentioned are: Priming: Creating classroom and school schedules for the students to follow, explaining to the class the lesson structure, and talking with the student about what anything that may be coming to prepare them. Academic Modification: Explicit teaching of different skills for the student, offering repetition of a certain skill for the student to master, goal setting, and individual learning plans. Visual Support: Seating arrangements for students needing to be closer to the visual aids, cue cards for students to refer to for additional support in the classroom or in social situations, and having the classroom labelled for students to know where everything is located. These strategies whilst on their own may help in individual situations, however when utilised all together, develop into a teaching approach that allows the student to receive optimal support from their teachers and other support staff. During my short time as a casual relief teacher and pre-service teacher I have been privileged enough to use these teaching strategies. These strategies come into practice daily, although I may go between schools these strategies are utilised within each school, however in their own way with subtle differences. Whilst I was teaching at a special school however, there was one classroom that has stood out for me where all 5 overarching strategies were used to a high level. This grade had 7 students ranging from the ages of 8 to 10 all with a mild to severe disorder, with ability levels ranging from mild intellectual disabilities to a student that cannot speak or write. This promoted one aspect that came in on a lesson to lesson basis; academic modification. How this was utilised was that the teacher had an individual learning plan for each student within the classroom and they all had their individual goals that they were aiming for in each lesson. Individual learning plans are intended to have goals and objectives that an individual student can make progress towards within an achievable timeframe, whilst providing an educational benefit (Kurth Mastergeorge, 2010). This became prominent in every lesson as it was separated into different tasks for each student however maintaining the overarching subject topic. Within this grade as well, was the use of priming and visual supports. This was through having a class schedule for each day in pictures that are displayed on a Velcro board. This had a list of pictures for each lesson described as a picture; such as writing had a writing book and pencil, and lunch had a sandwich, in a descending order for the students to look at to have an understanding what the day entails. When I was in the classroom as a relief teacher I would also follow this support with verbal explanations of how the day would go to additionally prime the students for the day. Although the students were already feeling anxious when I do come into their grade because it is a change of routine not having their teacher, through using these priming strategies I have been able to calm the students down enough to begin to feel comfortable with me there for the day. There is one strategy however that I have only seen small amounts of in schools; I was lucky to have the strategy used in this classroom, and that is the use of home base. How the support staff explained to me how the class used this strategy was that when a student is feeling anxious, stressed, aggravated, or distressed they had a soft calming room that they can go to so they can take themselves out of the situation. This was not able to be done on the students own will as they are unable to recognise this, however myself or the support staff would ask the student if they wanted some time in the room. This provided a safe secluded area for the student to calm down from whatever they were experiencing at the time.   I would personally enjoy to see more classes use this strategy as well as it noticeably had a positive effect on the student when they returned to the classroom. Although I may not have a grade of my own yet, using these strategies through relief teaching has improved my own teaching skills in relation to not only students with autism or students with disabilities, but all students. I would suggest that all teachers use these strategies within their daily routine as they have been proven to have a positive impact on the students. Search the WWW for more resources that relate to ABA or Applied Behaviour Analysis. You should search for videos as well as texts. Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) is an intervention process that uses positive reinforcement to work towards change in behavioural responses. Susan Dodd (2005) suggests that to optimise the ABA persons within it should have interventions for 40 hours per week for a duration of at least 2 years. Dodd (2005) also lists that the interventions be carried out by a team of trained people including that of supervisors, therapists, parents, and peers. This is supported by Granpeesheh et al (2009) in the findings that a within two groups of children; one receiving 40 hours of intervention the other receiving 10 hours, the group with 40 hours per week showed expediential improvements whereas the 10-hour group showed very little improvement. Matson (2012) also explains that the younger the child with autism is when they undertake ABA, they will receive greater benefits from the program than that of older children. What would positive reinforcement be like for a student with autism? All students with autism, all students in general, react to positive reinforcement differently. What one child may experience as positive reinforcement, another may see as the complete opposite. This suggestion is that when positive reinforcements are given, the student is first to be understood. For example, a child with hypersensitivity towards physical contact may take a high five to be a largely positive reinforcement. However, a child with hyposensitivity towards physical contact may see it as an annoyance as their feelings are different to the other child. Temple Grandin (2008) suggests that positive reinforcements be directed towards the childs interests, such as time on the computer; however, she suggests a laptop rather than a desk top as the laptop screens do not flicker in comparison to that of a desk top screen. Although you can have positive reinforcements such as a high five, verbal recognitions such as praising, or activities, when a reinforcement is specialised toward s the individual student a greater outcome can be obtained. An example is when I was teaching a 10-year-old boy in a local special school. I had already developed a relationship with this student at the school so he was comfortable around me within the classroom when his teacher was away. He had come into the school in an upset mood in the morning from an incident at home and whilst not seeing his regular teacher his mood did not improve. However, through building up prior knowledge on the child I knew that he has a very strong passion for Doctor Who. Luckily for me I had brought a book that I was going to surprise him with after I found out I had his grade for the day; my personal Doctor Who pop-up book. After seeing his attitudes, I used this book as positive reinforcement for him, if he could do some work for 10 minutes, he can read for a bit, then 15 minutes then he can read. This proved to not only calm him down as it was his interest, but he also was more productive within the classroom. This would not work on other students for a behav iour reinforcement however with this individual child it is within his interests and can be utilised. Why is it important to observe the consequences and repetition of behaviours? Reinforcers help students with autism build up and improve on their behaviours inside and outside of the classroom. These reinforcers can be positive, negative, and neutral; all of which will prompt different reactions from the student. However, it is imperative that the student be observed before and after the reinforcer is given in the aim to give the student the optimal reinforcer. Food reinforcers are common practice within schools and have been seen to be affective most the time; such as an extra piece of fruit for good behaviour or lunch with the principal. Although food reinforcers are good to utilise, there are many people that will rapidly eat; which can lead to choking or possibly death, and if not recognised will continue their unwanted behaviours to get more food (Matson, Turygin, Beighley, Rieske, Tureck, Matson, 2012). To prevent this from occurring teachers may utilise journals and/or notes on observing student behaviours to try and understand what the student is tryi ng to portray. Common behavioural traits of autistic children are repetitive behaviours these can include rocking, hand flapping, or spinning (Kluth Shouse, 2013). It is important to observe the repetition of behaviours as functional assessment can follow as a form of behavioural intervention. Matson (2012) describes that in a situation of repetitive stretching after observation and assessment treatment packages could be developed and resulted in the behaviours being effectively lessened. How can you calm a student with autism who is anxious and upset? To deliver appropriate calming strategies for a student with autism it is imperative that you first understand the student.   The effective way of getting to understand the student is through getting to know what their triggers are, what may cause this anxiety or upsetting moods. For example, if a student has low communication skills they may be anxious because they are unable to communicate if they require something such as food or trying to express their opinion on a situation. Ways that can be utilised in this situation can be helping the student communicate through alternate means; such as through hand motions, or through talking charts. An example of a student with autism whom I have taught whilst they were upset resulted in the student feeling uncomfortable with a blinking overhead light. Their hypersensitivity towards light resulted in them being upset towards the flickering light. Although I had quickly turned off the set of lights that the flickering one is in, the student remained upset and distressed. The way that I had calmed the student further was that I let the student go to a calming room, where they had access to different sensory items such as stress balls and beanbags (both large to sit on and small to hold); the student was there for about 5 minutes before they returned on their own accord. Through this removal from the situation, the student could calm down and eventually return to the classroom with prompting. Videos and Texts that can be used for teachers and primary care givers. This YouTube video is the beginning of a series of videos that involve different steps of ABA. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pN6ydLE4EQ This YouTube video is a university presentation that discusses ABA in an academic approach. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ri0owHvCDAk Primary care givers may not have the time to research ABA for themselves, however teachers may link them to this YouTube video and website. Autism Speaks not only gives an overview of what ABA is but also how it is utilised in schools. The website also has further autism information for primary care givers to read. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyCx-OLzgJw https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/applied-behavior-analysis-aba The book; Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis by Roane, Ringahl and Falcomata (2015), is a useful resource for teachers to acquire a basic understanding of the applications of ABA in different situations, Roane, H., Ringdahl, J. E., Falcomata, T. S. (2015). Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis. London: Elsevier Explain how stress and anxiety underpin sensory difficulties (hyper and hypo sensitivities). What strategies can be used to reduce anxiety and stress related to sensory issues. Stress and anxiety effect many people worldwide from children with sensory difficulties; hyper and hypo sensitives, up to fully able adults. Moree and Davis (2010) state that those on the autism spectrum range from 11% to 84% having anxiety disorders as well, averaging out to being 40-50%. Anxiety can be described as someone having excessive fear and avoidance in response to specific objects or different situations, whilst being absent of true danger (Shin Liberzon, 2010). Although anxiety is a known trigger of stress, it is not to be confused as being the sole trigger of stress; another primary trigger is trauma through social, emotional, physical, and psychological occurrences. People with hypersensitivity are understood to have strong emotional and physical reactions, heightened detections of stimuli, and having a heightened apprehension of the stimuli together with an unfocused or unselective attention (Elwin, Ek, Schrà ¶der Kjellin, 2012). This commonly relates back to vision, hearing, and touch (Elwin, Ek, Schrà ¶der Kjellin, 2012), however it also relates to smell and taste as well as can affect all senses. The National Autistic Society (2016) lists some examples in which hypersensitivity may occur: Visual: Can be distorted resulting in objects and bright lights appearing to jump around. Sound: Noise can become magnified to the person. Smell: Smells can be intense and overpowering. Taste: Foods and flavours can be found too strong and overpowering. Touch: Being touched or touching things may become painful or uncomfortable. Individuals that live with hypersensitivities towards different senses may become anxious when they are in different situations as the experiences that they have are predominantly negative. An interviewee by Elwin et al. (2012) mentions that the noise of other children around them was torment, they could not shut it out, it frightened them as well as wearing them out. If someone is experiencing this daily within a classroom, they will begin to associate the classroom with fear and torment, which will lead to having anxiety before entering the classroom and being stressed when they are in the classroom.   Another example given through an interview by Elwin et al. (2012) is that someone has a hypersensitivity in their vision, bright lights are not a good thing to them, they mention that there were times when they would go outside and the light from the sun would make them quite literally sick as well as having the same affect with flashing lights however they describe it as wors e. If this person is in a classroom with one of the lights flickering, which is common, it can cause them to feel anxious as it will be affecting them and from previous experiences they may relate it to being sick. Hyposensitivity is recognised as people that have no indistinct registration of stimuli, less discrimination and recognition of stimuli, and having strong cravings for specific stimuli (Elwin, Ek, Schrà ¶der Kjellin, 2012). These reactions were common to pain, proprioceptive, and interoceptive stimuli. The National Autistic Society (2016) lists some examples in which hyposensitivity may occur in visual, sound, smell, taste, and touch senses: Visual: May have poor depth perception, problems with throwing and catching, clumsiness. Sound: May only hear sounds in one ear, the other ear having only partial hearing or no hearing at all. Smell: Can have no sense of smell and fail to notice extreme odours; this may also include their own body odour. Taste: They may eat or mouth non-edible items such as stones, dirt, and metal. Touch: They may have a high pain threshold. Individuals that are living with hyposensitivity may not have the same anxieties and stresses as those of hypersensitivities however they will still have their own. An example by Elwin et al. (2012) is of one person who describes that he is unable to tell when they are hungry or thirsty and relies on the post symptoms of feeling sick or dizzy from being without food or water for too long. This can lead to stressors arising for when they are going places as they may feel that if they cannot tell when they are hungry or thirsty, theyll get sick or dizzy in public and can result in further issues. Temple Grandin (2008) elaborates that when someone has sensory issues they are to be addressed however not to be mistaken by behavioural issues. Grandin (2008) further explains that there are different accommodations that need be put in place to help people with these sensory issues. Different strategies related to both hyper and hyposensitive sensory issues suggested by Grandin (2008) as well as the National Autistic Society (2016) include: Visual: Wearing a hat inside or sunglasses inside to reduce the lighting in the room. Using a laptop screen over other screens as they do not flicker Having incandescent lights rather than fluorescent. Doing different balancing games such as using a ball to sit on. Having dull coloured paper rather than white. Sound: Wearing headphones or earplugs for half the day, Grandin (2008) suggests not the entire day as no improvements will be made. Using visual supports as teaching tools such as visual outlines of the day. Minimal usage of verbal instructions. Priming people before going to a loud area. Smell: Creating routines in hygiene such as regular times for bathing / washing. Creating a routine of having deodorant or body spray applied to the person with hyposensitivity. Using unscented shampoos for people with hypersensitivity. Creating fragrance-free environments. Taste: Developing dietary programs in relation to having food that is either blander for hypersensitive people or having strong flavours for hyposensitive people. Touch: Limit physical contact. Preparations prior to any physical contact such as telling people that you are going to hug them. Turning clothes inside out to prevent the seam from rubbing. Constrictive clothing for hyposensitive responses. Squeeze machine sessions. If strategies such as these are implemented the environmental and social factors relating to the sensory issues will be reduced, which in result will further bring down anxiety and stress levels within hyper and hyposensitive people. Although it may not entirely remove anxiety and stress, it will help lessen the symptoms to create a more comfortable environment. Reference List: Autism Speaks. (2015). Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA). Retrieved from https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/applied-behavior-analysis-aba Autism Speaks. (2008, September 8). Introduction to Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyCx-OLzgJw Dodd, S. (2005). Understanding Autism. Sydney: Elsevier. Elwin, M., Ek, L., Schrà ¶der, A., Kjellin, L. (2012). Autobiographical Accounts of Sensing in Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 26(5), 420-429. Grandin, T. [University of California Television (UCTV)]. (2008, February 7). My Experience With Autism [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wt1IY3ffoU Granpeesheh, D., Dixon, D. R., Tarbox, J., Kaplan, A. M., Wilke, A. E. (2009). The Effects of Age and Treatment Intensity on Behavioral Intervention Outcomes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(4), 1014-1022. Kluth, P, Shouse, J. (2013). The Autism Checklist. Hoboken: Wiley. Kurth, J., Mastergeorge, A. (2010). Individual Education Plan Goals and Services for Adolescents With Autism: Impact of Age and Educational Setting. The Journal of Special Education., 44(3), 146-160. Matson, J. L, Turygin, N. C., Beighley, J, Rieske, R, Tureck, K, Matson, M. L. (2012). Applied behavior analysis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Recent developments, strengths, and pitfalls. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 144-150. Moree, Davis. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: Modification trends. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(3), 346-354. Roane, H., Ringdahl, J. E., Falcomata, T. S. (2015). Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis. London: Elsevier Shin, L., Liberzon, I. (2010). The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology., 35(1), 169-191. 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