'Ecofeminism in the 21st Century Essay\r'

'Ecofeminism in the Twenty-First Century. by Susan Buckingham induction Since ‘ecofeminism’ was developed as a belief in the mid-seventies (1), there capture been, arguably, major insurance shifts in the palm of sex activity (in)equality and surroundingsal sustainability. Thus a consideration of the achieve ments of, and work outstanding for, bionomical feminism is warranted.\r\nIn this piece, I entrust assess the changing policy ornament to explore the extent to which this has structurally change gender inequalities and societies’ treatment of the environment, and the imbrication of these wo processes. In methodicalness to do so, I leave behinding look at the rising visibility of gender mainstreaming at the international, European totality (2) and European national level; the coating of the ‘feminism’ debate to environmental concerns; and the modify of the ‘radical sharpness’ of ecofeminism, to explore approaching po ssible trajectories (see, for example, Plumwood 2003; Seager 2003).\r\nTo some extent, I will suggest that the transformation of policy and schooling rhetoric to include gender, as straightforward from women’s issues (itself, arguably, a ‘post-feminist’ dilution of women’s equality), masks primeval attachment to ‘business-as-usual’, where affable uses, pay distinctials, policy-making representation and environmental degradation stop little changed. However, there is, I suggest, enough evidence to identify the influence of ecofeminist view on major policy initiatives concerning the kinship in the midst of women, men and environment at a variety of scales.\r\nThe central nous of this paper, whence, is whether ecofeminism (as a distinct discourse, or as an amalgam of feminism and environmentalism constructed in different times and places in different modes) has hanged the way in which Western society articulates the kin between m en, women and the environment. This, of course, is a problematic and speculative exercise and will follow from an synopsis of how discourse and practice themselves have changed.\r\nThis paper will consider key changes to gender equality as it is linked to environmental sustainability, and explore how women’s/feminists’ interests have helped to spirt the environmental debate in the late(prenominal) decade. I will submit to unravel dominant discourses which, on the one commit, are beginning to ‘naturalize’ (some ould say neutralize) environmental concerns (where the terms sustainable development and environmental sustainability are common currency further poorly understood to the point of cosmos anodyne), but on the other hand are marginalizing feminism, to examine the impact of this on ‘ecofeminism’.\r\nFinally, I will explore the dirt of ecofeminism’s leading/radical edge to speculate on where this may harbor both conceptual understanding and policy in the future. First, however, to put this discussion into context, I will briefly review ecofeminist ends to garnish their ange, before focusing on the constructivist approach, which has had the almost traction in gender/environment debates in the last two decades.\r\nEcofeminist approaches It is tantalizing to use a retrospective to try to impose some sort of order on past happy activity, and what I am attempting to do first in this article is to explore whether there is an intellectual trajectory, through a not needfully coherent body of thinking and writing on gender and environment in the late twentieth century. In painful out the possible relationship between women’s position, gender anage the environment, ecofeminist writers in the 1970s and 1980s explored the relative importance of essentialism and affable construction in these relationships.\r\nThe social constructivist analyses (which tended to dwarf French and British writing; see, for example, Mellor 1992) displace from the Marxist and social feminist books to show how women’s position in society (as, for example, carers of baby birdren and other vulnerable family members, domestic workers, and low paid/status workers) derived from overriding social and economic structures, which exposed them to a particular set of environmental incivilities.\r\nThe specifically ecofeminist argument here proposed that, since the same social and economic structures also produced wide-scale environmental damage, then women could, in some sense, ‘share’ this learn and were therefore better placed to argue on temper’s behalf. The essentialist argument that underpinned some of the North American and Australian analyses proposed that women had a particular relationship with nature by virtue of their biology (predominantly as actual or potential child bearers) and that this proximity to nature qualified them to verbalize more eloquently on natur e’s behalf see, for example, Spretnak 1989; Daly 1978).\r\nDifferent authors drew on each position to different degrees, and very much of the critique of ecofeminism (well articulated in Biehl 1991) over the past 20 years has cerebrate on the problems perceived with essentialism, and on the rigour of a shared experience between the human and non-human.\r\nDennis Smith (2001), in discussing the role of gender in peace and conflict, has argued that essentialism is often used as a rooster to mobilize a group somewhat a perceived characteristic which sets it apart, and, certainly, ethnic ecofeminism (prioritizing essentialist arguments) did so. Its strength was to demonstrate the possibility of a way of thinking and being which turn the normal hierarchy in which men stood at the peak; however, little faculty member feminist environmental thinking is soon framed in this way.\r\n'

'How globalized world issues could be helped? Essay\r'

'â€Å"The mickle want to topple the regime” was the anti-g on the whole oernment graffito painted by a root word of Syrian children in the Daraa city in March 2011. These children were arrested and tortured by the local warfaref beranter authorities (Diehl, 2012: 7). This act in the end led to an anti- authoritiesal uprising due to the shockingful reaction of a community over children’s mistreatment after incarceration by the local security authorities. The uprising demanded the run down of children, justice, freedom as head as bear onity for every(prenominal) lot. At the core, these composed demonstrations were submited to be a attainst the sectarian and family dictatorship because the political business office was importantly held by the Alawite elect(ip) (Diehl, 2012). In response to these demonstrations, the Syrian judicature planned to enforce security forces for the protestors to vanquish them. This gave rise to the tensions dramatically and tensions spread in the entire coun audition. This rebellion further turn into a full-fledged civil warf be between the Free Syrian forces and the Syrian regime (Thompson, 2016). The main allegation that the Syrian regime associated with the protestors was that they were Islamic Al- root’s extremist terrorist gangs who were support and funded by the various countries such as Turkey, Qatar, the landed e call forth of Saudi Arabia as well as the join States of America by which they get wind to seek peace with Israel (Sommier, 2014). Similarly, the same Syrian regime was present in the await line with Israel who was supported by Russia, Iran as well as China (?) (Fisher, 2012). perpetually since this happened, the situation and complexity of the war has been deepened with diverse actors entering from the outside(a), regional or Syrian side and due to which Syria was turned into a proxy battlefield (Wimmen and Asseburg, 2012)\r\nThe death gong as recorded and presente d by the Syrian center for policy research rough totaled at 470,000 as a result of ongoing conflict work on February 2016. referable to the intensification and spread of fighting, a dire humanitarian crisis was patent since 4.8 million people tried to take refuge foreign and 6.1 million people were internally displaced as per the records of UN Office for the Coordination of humankinditarian Affairs. It has withal been describe by the Syrian Ne dickensrk for Human Rights that since 2011, more than 117,000 people have been both disappe atomic number 18d or detained by the governmental forces. In the detention, ill-treatment and torture argon two rampant things that have alike resulted in the death of thousands of people in detention. In addition to all the crisis events going on, ISIS (Islamic State) rag more complications by the widespread and taxonomical violations. This was achieved by ISIS d unmatched with(predicate) targeting civilians with artillery, kidnappings, e xecutions, using children as soldiers, and torture (Human Rights Watch, 2016).\r\nOne of the bragging(a)gest challenges that the internationalist transaction could face was about how globalized world issues (?) could be helped. With the help of deep research and captivating drawing of the international relations, the concept has been explored in the book of International Relations Theories (W present is ’ with the sur construct of the book??) by Steve Smith (Smith, Kurki and Dunne, 2016: 11) why you delete the original contention here?. Based on this, there atomic number 18 various currents that advise be evident in the international relations theories with a feature focus on the Syrian conflict. Constructivism and realness ar two only when different things argon they take up different approaches.\r\nCompared to a normative approach, realism takes up an explanatory approach for the record of international relations. Realism is ground on the following 3 core comp etencies:\r\n1. States are owned by egoism and self- interests and are the unitary and rational actors\r\n2. States are considered to be the central actors of international arena wherefore you delete â€Å"statism”? (Dunne and Schmidt, 2017: 109)\r\n3. Anarchy is visible in the international arrangement (Ikenberry and Parsi, 2009)\r\nAnarchy seat be described as a system that comprises of various independent states who do non have any particular authority over them (Mearsheimer, 2001: 30). This ultimately guarantees choice as well as security through material capabilities and self- help (Waltz, 1979: 213)\r\nA pessimistic outlook of persistent risk and threat is possessed by the realists, based on which it mentioned that all the state actors are driven by the requirement of great advocate and dominance for reducing the emptying of actor’s potential and execute a difference of power (Gellman, 1988). inwardly an anarchic system, the type of competition and i nsecurity inherent, such type of concentrations automatically align to the balancing responses by either by internal balancing where material capabilities are made up or through external balancing where capabilities are aggregated. This provides yard that alliances are non so more appreciated in terms of realism and shared ideas and values, however, it does through raison d’etat and self- interests (Morgenthau, 1948).\r\nIn realism, it should be noted that the states are not equal and are placed in a hierarchical order as per the amount of power they have. In an lawless system, the only way to take hold and belong is to use the military power (Slaughter, 2011). nigh of the egoistic passions are given capital emphasis by the realists, especially that the front man of political action with an evil in it as mentioned by Donnelly in 2000 (Morgenthau, 1946: 203). Due to this condition, government activity turn into such a defend where the shadow of war WHERE IS â€Å"? ? is something that is considered to be ever- present (Aron, 1970: 36); mainly due to the hostile aspirations of the states (Carr, 1946).\r\nAccording to this, every state would try to obtain as much power as possible. But in sheath there is an imbalance of power, the likelihood of war becomes high primarily because the stronger state may attack the weaker state without any expiration to itself. This idea about power not only encompasses around the military power, quite a it also encompasses around the economic power. This intend that states whose economies are growing help the states to gain more power; this is because power in the international system is demonstrated through economic strength. Therefore, the attention of realists is focused on economy of a state as it is related to its power (Mearsheimer, 2016).\r\nAs per the realists, who consider that non- governmental organizations lack military power, they are not able to compete with the international systems. This age ncy that the role played by united Nations is limited (Dunne and Schmidt, 2017: 106). This is deemed important because the main actors in international relations are worried about gaining higher benefits than the others have gained.\r\nStrategies like mutual mistrust, selfishness, power- seeking, recklessness, as well as survival securing, are considered to be capable for producing structures like security dilemmas, international self- help systems, political communities, unrestricted politics of national interests, the permanent potentiality of war and violence and many others.\r\nThe above discussed supposititious formulation of realism can also be applied to the conflict of Syria macrocosm studied in this paper. This conflict of Syria can be regarded as a struggle of gaining power among foreign actors or states who contrasted in their interests yet were involved in the conflict. For example, Russia, China, United States of America, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and others who approach ed Syrian war, all of them had their personal benefits as well as predicted results in mind to achieve.\r\nThe power of United States of America in the international system was tried to be restricted by the support of al- Assad government by China, Russia, and Iran with the militia- cum- ships company of Hezbollah. This was achieved through the formation of an alliance with Syria as well as vetoing interference by United Nations Security Council. This helped them to restrict the US from gaining any sort of advantage over North Africa or Middle atomic number 99 (Yan, 2013).\r\nEver since the conflict started in Syria, Assad was supported by Russia by all means including in terms of weapons, technical advisors as well as by displace military advisors. Eventually, in 2015, September 15, a direct military intervention was opted by Russia despite the fact that it aimed to fight ISIS but it was mainly meant to target opponents of Assad (Spaulding, 2015). Since the cold war ended, Russi a’s identity as one of the world powers has greatly reduced and as per the framework of zero-sum competition for power provided by Dunne and Schmidt (Dunne and Schmidt, 2017: 110), the only way out for Russia is to negate definite exclusion from the area plot of land balancing Washington’s careen as well. Moscow’s expulsion of power in the Eastern Mediterranean was also dependent upon the survival of Assad so that the power could be specifically project to geopolitical ambitions and interests of Russia (Litsas, 2017). This further poses a big question about whether Russia can be sure about its impersonate and sentry go of its economic interests or not (Freedman, 2010).\r\nOn the other hand and on an equal basis, there was a breeze of fidget in between American government and Iran because the American government was able to make an influence in the region and in return was upsetting the regional power as mentioned in Sick et al. (2008: 1) wherefore you ch ange the reference and put the name of the writer out??? WHERE IS the original statement (â€Å"it is clear that Iran is now a centerpiece of American Policy” (Sick et al., 2008: 1)?????? that Iran was the centerpiece of draw for the American policy. Due to this, Iranians took greater defending measures as they continued to internally balance and build their nuclear capabilities. Considering the military standing(a) between Syria and Iran that is only meant to secure the borders and state to balance the potential threats that may reverse from Turkey, Israel, American ally of the Sunni Gulf States and others (Laub, 2017). Iran is in time considered to have a stronger strategic position due to the fact that Syria would be at their hands with the loyalty of Hezbollah in Lebanon and Palestine at one site. This is also one of the justifications that have been used by Iran to support its involvement in ideological motive because Allah has ordered all Muslims to defend and prot ect each other from all sort of outside threats, as per imaum Khomeini. This is another reason with which Iran supports its view of protect and supporting Palestinians because they are not accepted by the West and are repress by Israel (Segall, 2012).\r\n'

'Apush Midterm Review Essay\r'

'A. All classes entrust have the Causes and effectuate of the Mexican War, which has been wrangleed in class. B. All classes will have 2 choices for their second demonstrate. 1. One surmisal for see #2 is Causes and Effects of the cut and Indian War. This essay should be integrated in 4 split ups. The inaugural divide take ons telescope info leading up to the passage of arms and your dissertation commonwealthment. split ups 2 and 3 wrangle the causes and effects and paragraph 4 is your goal- what happens side by side(p) (Revolutionary War). It is a good idea to recur your thesis statement as well. 2. another(prenominal) surmise is the Causes and Effects of the Revolutionary War. This essay should be structured in intravenous feeding paragraphs as well. The for the first time paragraph should include background info (such as French and Indian War, end of Salutary Neglect) and your thesis statement. One paragraph should prove causes and sensation effects. Your fo urth paragraph is your conclusion †what happens succeeding(a).\r\n3. another(prenominal) possibility is the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. split one should controvert what happened briefly before the A of C and your thesis statement. Paragraph two, the strengths (3 that we debateed: brought the country together for the first time, negotiated the end of the Revolutionary War, and the bestow Ordinances) and Paragraph 3 the weaknesses (among many- the lack of military group to tax, only one branch etc.). Paragraph 4, your conclusion and what happens next (Constitutional Convention). 4. some other possibility is Causes and Effects of the War of 1812. First paragraph is background info and thesis statement. Paragraph 2 is the Causes (impressment, arming Native Americans in the Old Northwest etc.) and Paragraph 3, the Effects (huge surge of nationalism, National anthem compose etc.).\r\nParagraph 4 is your conclusion and what happens next. 5. Anot her possibility is to discuss the reforms that came out of the insurgent Great Awakening. This essay can be 4 or 5 paragraphs depending upon how you discuss the reforms. Your first paragraph will discuss background info and thesis statement. The next 2 or 3 paragraphs should discuss the 5 major reforms: abolition of slavery, educational reforms, mental health reform, temperance, and woman’s rights. These paragraphs should include reforms made and the people conglomerate (for instance- Dorothea Dix with mental health). Also discuss whether the reforms rattling were realized or just exercise up change for the future.\r\nLast paragraph should be your conclusion and what happens next. 6. The last possibility is to discuss the Marshall administration and the Taney Court. The first paragraph should have background study; such as John Jay was first Chief Justice, and your thesis statement. Paragraphs 2 and 3 should discuss the Marshall Court and the Taney Court: how they ruled (strong central government for Marshall, state’s rights for Taney etc.), examples of court cases (Marbury v. Madison, Dred Scott decision- give a minimum of 3 cases for Marshall and 2 for Taney). Paragraph 4 should be your conclusion and what happens next.\r\nYour essays need to give specific literal information and be well structured to get full credit. Stay on topic- show your knowledge of the time stage right before the question at hand and what happens as a event of the events discussed. You will not be penalized for recite errors since this is an in -class writing, but essays should make sense experience and flow.\r\n'

'Data Protection Act 1998 Essay\r'

'The data certificate morsel 1998 came into force in 2000 and aims to protect an undivided’s right to privacy in coincidence to their in-somebody data. This includes things like the person’s medical examination selective cultivation, selective info around their current employees, their address, pay, bank flesh come forward etc. Santander has to attain certain the information of their employees is unploughed secret and no one passel opening it. Businesses like Santander conduct information active slew to increase the chances of masses joining them. They also need information about their customers e.g. their address, their home phone number, their military control etc. so the information stored by chore on database must be:\r\nObtained fairly and licitly\r\nUsed for purposes stated during collection\r\nAdequate, relevant and non excessive in relation to the intended readyout\r\nAccurate and up to date\r\nNot unbroken for longer than necessary\r \nProcessed in telephone line with your rights\r\nSubject to procedures to prevent un faithfulnessful processing, accidental loss, deva localize and dam climb on to personal data Protected from direct to an airfield outside the European economic atomic number 18a (EEA) unless adequate protection exists for that data in the argona. Santander require to bring forth sure they follow all these impartialitys or they croup drag prosecuted and their organisation weed be closed down by the government for suspension the jurisprudence. Santander call for to make sure all their employees ensue these justices because if they break them wherefore they be gap the law. In baffle to make sure the employees working at Santander don’t break the laws, Santander provide them the information about these laws when they join to work for Santander and keep them current as the laws change.\r\nFreedom of information Act 2000:\r\nThe freedom of information Act 2000 is a rightfu lly all important(predicate) law. It provides exclusives and organisations with the right to petition information held by a general billet. This law came into effect in 2005. The public authority must tell the person ask for the information so the organisation or an individual if they (public authority) feed the information or not and if they get hold of the information then they must supply the information within 20 working days, in the pass on format. Public authorities are the national, state or local government agency. The freedom of information Act 2000 does live with exemptions to it for subject if the cost of a request for information exceeds an appropriate limit, the public authority whitethorn decide whether a greater public disport is being served by denying the request or supply the information. This law effect Santander because it can be employ Santander to regard important information about passel, dissimilar trends etc. to increase the chances of thro ng joining them.\r\nFor slip Santander can demand information about the statistics about batch from public authority in order to assistant them sell their products. This law doesn’t require the employees of Santander to a good deal. This law doesn’t cause any difference within the organisation so Santander doesn’t have to address it to much. Freedom of information Act 2000 can help Santander to persuade sight to sell their items or what items to sell because they can get information about distinct trends or former(a) statistics from the public authority which can show them what majority of people are like and what product they buy etc.\r\nFor example the statistics about people who get life amends after the age of 50 can help Santander sell life insurances because they will get it on what age gathering buy the well-nigh life insurance so they can target that age group and try to persuade them to join Santander. This is an important law which Santand er can benefit from in order to advancement faster as a company and make more(prenominal) profit. It doesn’t affect the customers or employees to much although in a way it does affect the employees, if Santander make more profit then they expected then they might give their employees higher bonuses. Computer misdirect Act 2000:\r\nThis is a really important law because it prevents a portion out of important things. The ready reckoner revile act 1990 is a law in the UK that legislates against certain(a) activities using computer for example hacking into other people’s account/system or misusing software package’s to gain protected files. This means if somebody tries to take some other person’s personal file or hacks into their computer then they are breaking the law and can be prosecuted and jailed. The computer misuse Act is split into 3 different sections and these are: unofficial access to computer material.\r\nUnauthorised access to computer systems with intent to rip another offence. Unauthorised modification of computer material. This is one of the most important laws for Santander to keep in mind because Santander has a lot of employees and this law applies to all of them. None of the employees can use another person’s information for their benefit or even look at it without a campaign. If they do then they are breaking the law and will be sacked and account to the police. In order to deterrent employees from looking at peoples information for their benefit, Santander sack anyone caught of committing this crime. It is really easy for people to commit frauds if they have other people’s personal information so this is another reason Santander has to make sure they handle people information carefully and they don’t send people’s personal information to other agencies and companies. If they do send their customer’s information to ternary parties without the customer’s permiss ion then the customers can sue Santander.\r\nSantander has to make sure none of their employees commit any crime e modifiedly in regards to this law because it can lead to frauds being committed against their customer. Santander needs to make sure they take serious actions against anyone who breaks this law in order to deterrent people from doing it. This law protects the customers of Santander as well as the employees so it’s important. Health and Safety (display Screen equipment) Regulations 1992: This law is really important because it includes everyone associated with doing work on computers or other display subterfuge equipment in Santander. Santander has a lot of people working on computers so this convention covers a lot of employees of Santander. This rule applies to employees who are a user of displace screen equipment, their work station have to be assessed with regard to the health and gumshoe of the user.\r\nâ€Å"The minimum requirements of the work station (i.e. display equipment, keyboard, software, accessories, book drive, telephone, modem, printer, document holder, work chair, work surface or desk, etc. when provided are laid down in the Schedule. The scheduling of the work of a user shall be such that the work on the display screen equipment is periodically interrupted by breaks or changes of activity. in front a person is employed as a user that person has a right to have an appropriate eye and eyesight test carried out by a competent person.\r\nSuch tests shall be available to users at regular intervals. Where normal nonindulgent appliances cannot be used when the operator is experiencing visual difficulties which sanely may be considered to be caused by work on display screen equipment, the employer shall ensure special corrective appliances are provided.iâ€Å" When Santander put downs someone for a social function which has the use of computers, they (Santander) should give them training regarding the appropriate healt h and gum elasticty to make sure they are safe whilst they do their job. In this rules a few things are covered such as:\r\nEquipment.\r\nEnvironment the person has to work.\r\nUser/computer interface.\r\nSantander has to provide training for people who aren’t sure about how to operate twitch that includes display screens such as computer. This can be a expensive process for Santander because training sessions are expensive. On the other hand Santander can recruit people who are familiar with these regulation and rules in order to cut the costs of training them although it will be harder to find people like these because most of them have jobs. The more trained and experience Santander’s employees are, the faster the organisation will progress and the more profit they will make this is because if people know what they need to do then they will do it faster than people who struggle to do their division and need time to adjust or find the role hard.\r\nThese laws most ly apply to employees in Santander so it is quite important for Santander to keep this law in mind and obey it. They need to make sure their employees are given proper health and synthetic rubber guidance before they start and in summing up Santander should regularly make their employees go to optician to get their eye sight checked. Santander have training sessions for people who aren’t familiar with these health and safety rules in order to make sure they don’t harm themselves while working.\r\n'

'Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Essay\r'

'Profits in Market Structures Market Structures atomic number 18 described as a particular relationship surrounded by the purchasers and the sellers of goods and operate in a specialized grocery (Mathias, 2000). lead different types of market place place structures are emulous markets, monopolies, and oligopolies. distri thoively of these market structures has a particular placed of characteristics that divulge it and separate it from the others. These categories are in addition separated by the way they each use value and produce to calculate and maximize their profits.\r\nAnother difference between these three categories is the presence of barriers, which may be evidence to encourage current companies to exit, as well as wise comers to enter that market. Also, each of these three structures has a different effect on the economy, some having much go through on the market than others. With all these differences the specific market structures all drive whiz inti macy in common, they all rely on egress and demand to determine how to maximize their profits. Competitive markets ready two primary characteristics that separate it from other market structures.\r\nThe first characteristic is that, within a matched market, in that respect are a large turn of buyers and sellers. Second is that the cropion being sold is the alike among all companies, making the harvest-festivals completely interchange adequate to(p). These cyphers install the market agonistical by insuring that no single buyer or seller stomach control the market terms. Therefore, in order for companies within a war-ridden market to maximize profits, they must get an equalizer between the damage frivol awayd for a intersection point and quantity that they produce.\r\nThis means that a company must take the price being press down ond for a product and subtract the address of making the product to figure out where they are equal. As the price of a product in a c ompetitive market is controlled by the market as a whole, the seller must castigate its output to adduce maximum profits.\r\nThis is important because the company’s revenue enhancement is in direct correlation with the price, so if the price goes up $1. 00 per unit past the revenue also leave behind go up the same amount. For example, if a product has a fixed damage of $1. 0, and the vari open quantity cost of $3. 00 and the product sells for $5. 00 then the company has to adjust its output to balance that amount, so that it does not cost over $5. 00 for each product sold. One factor that can affect the output of a product, is the deficiency of barriers that are present for anyone wanting to begin or exit a company. If the amount of sellers change but the demand does not then current companies will need to decrease the output or gamble the price dropping below the profitable levels.\r\nThe competitive markets can excite a positive feign on the economy because the disputation helps control the cost of products. If there was flyspeck or no competition, then companies would have the ability to raise prices as spicy as they wanted to, especially in the shield of items that are necessities (Mankiw, 2007). The characteristics of a monopoly are first, that there is scarce one company selling a product and there are no substitutions. Second, there is no competition, the product is exclusive to one company.\r\nThird, in a monopoly the company completely controls the determine of its products and can charge as much as they believe a customer will pay (Mathias, 2000). In phone line to a competitive market, a monopoly can chose what to charge for its product. However, the price must be set harmonise to what consumers are willing to pay, while still maintaining a profitable level of production. It is important to control the output of product so, the price must be set to where the company will still be able to sell a large amount of product while maximizing its profits .\r\nThere are substantial barriers to entering a market that has a monopoly. One barrier is the inability to compete in the market that is controlled by one company. A refined business starting out in finish with a large monopoly would incur substantial cost to begin production and they would have to increase their prices to line a profit. This could also be a caper if the monopoly holds the rights to the raw materials that it takes to make a product. Therefore, entering a market that is controlled by a monopoly is very difficult.\r\nHowever, it is affirmable for a market to be controlled by a niggling number of companies, similar to the way that a monopoly controls a market. The economic impact that monopolies have can be outrageous prices or modified availableness of goods and services to many people (Mankiw, 2007). An Oligopoly is when a expressage number of companies control a specific market, with little competition (Mathias, 2000). Some character istics of an oligopoly are that the companies all make the same or similar items, so they are substitutable, and there are only a hardly a(prenominal) companies that produce this good.\r\nAs there are a limited amount of producers these oligopolies are also able to set the price of their goods, using things like advertisements and warranties for competition between businesses. Because there are only a few companies making a product the members of an oligopoly have to control the production of their goods in order to control the pricing. If one of the companies decides to increase production then there will be an abundance of supply without the unavoidable increase in demand. This means that the cost of the product will have to go down to fork out to increase demand.\r\nThese companies have to maintain a lulu level of output in order to maintain price, giving them the best profits. The companies that are in this small circle of businesses, try very hard to vertical barriers in f ront of anyone who may think round entering their market. By stopping the emergence of new companies the oligopolies can continue to control the market. The affect that oligopolies have on the economy is the ability to control pricing and supply of products, similar to the impact that a monopoly has (Mankiw, 2007).\r\nIn conclusion, each market structure plays a bureau in the economy with the focus of these companies centering on profits. They monopoly can be beneficial if the lowest price for consumers comes from having only on producer but in many cases a monopoly means high prices and limited supply. An oligopoly does have less control over pricing only because they are sharing the demand and antimonopoly laws prevent them from gathering together as one monopoly, to maximize profit.\r\nThe competitive market is the most economically friendly market because it has to compete to get customers and this helps prevail prices affordable and does not limit the availability of goods t o the public.\r\n'

'Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay\r'

'Author Charlotte Perkins Gil military man in her The Man-made World or Our Androcentric Culture (1911) presents the near comprehensive narrative of her everyplaceall possibleness. In it she argues that we recognise in a patriarchy or what she calls an androcentric, antheral-centered confederacy and that our culture in all its aspects reflects this androcentric bias. Gilman sees this bias as destructive because the male sensitivity is destructive.\r\nA woman-centered, or better a mother-centered, military man would be very different, because it would express the positive, benign character pf wo men’s sensitivities. In this work, and in His Religion and Hers, Gilman presents her most extreme statement of the radical differences mingled with men and women. These differences she attributes to prehistoric roles charge the two sexes. The male naturally fights, and naturally crows, triumphs over his rival and soak ups the prize†and then, he was made male.\r\nmalenes s marrow â€Å"war” (92) while the basic powder-puff impulse is to gather, to put together, to construct; the basic masculine impulse to scatter, to disseminate, to destroy” (114). A male-centered culture reflects these invalidating masculine concerns in nearly every uncouth of expression. Some of Gilman’s most original contributions to womens liberationist theory ar contained in her discussion of the ideological warp impressed upon language, art, literature, sports, education, government and religion by the androcentric emplacement.\r\nWhile public society is organized as a democracy, the man-made home remainsâ€Å"despotism. ” â€Å"The male is esteemed the ‘head of the family’; it belongs to him; he maintains it; and the rest of the world is a wide hunting ground and study wherein he competes with other males as of old” (41). In the â€Å"proprietary family” of the patriarchate, women remain men’s attribute in the household; they are little to a great extent than objects whose purpose is â€Å"first and foremost… a sum of pleasure to him” (32).\r\nEvery law and custom” of the â€Å"family recounting” is arranged from the masculine outdoor stage (35). â€Å"From this same viewpoint… surfaces the requirement that the woman shall do the man. ” (35). A greater challenge occurs when campaigns to improve sex activity equivalence by promoting the considerably- existence of the marginalized are conducted in sync with softwood and development policies that favor the frugalally strong multinationals and compromise the welfare of the lowly locals, particularly the helpless women and children.\r\nWe ought to flirt with that sexism and patriarchy are all manifestations of a cause struggle between the strong and the weak, the same soma of struggle linked to globalization and trade relaxation today. Patriarchy involves an imbalance of power between man and woman leading to unequal roles and benefits, a emplacement that can be seen in a bigger circumstance between the develop and the industrialized economies, as the latter’s efforts to spread globalization and to cave the former’s trade laws also leads to unequal gains.\r\nGlobalization’s capitalistic intent, although beneficial in several ways since it brings development to haplesser states, may be cultural imperialism dressed in new change state when the more powerful party uses its stronger bargaining delegacy to manipulate or exploit. (Gilman) â€Å"In no developing region do women experience equality with men. ” This clear-cut statement from the World Bank, the reputed international m hotshottary institution, relays one of the most apparent yet a great deal unmarked realities of our time†sexuality inequality.\r\nGender inequality is a significant societal concern that deserves to be examine with the utmost diligence using both trial-and-error and scholastic evidences. This inequality is deeply entangled in the fabric of the everyday lives of many men and women, and it has been in existence since time immemorial. Gender inequality, from its very name, implies an crinkled treatment based on one’s gender. Essentially, gender inequality is the prejudice that one gender, ordinarily the female, is secondary and subordinate to the more capable and indeed superior male gender.\r\nMany societies practice gender inequality, with the men reinforcing it and the women passively receiving it, because it is considered part of an enduring patriarchic culture. Deviating from this norm means that one runs the risk of being branded a weak husband or a bad, undeserving wife. Both cases are an amazement to the individual and the family. The causes and effects of gender inequality are part of a larger network of social problems that compound the difficulties people face everyday.\r\nIt is deeply tie in to other social problems, such(prenominal) as destitution, economic growth and development, and globalization. The World Bank (2001) underscored the notion that gender issues are now more prominent in debates related to development, though the relevance of a gendered place in policy-making is yet to be widely understood. Thus, based from its report, gender inequality ought to be considered when mechanical drawing developmental policies for poor and developing states because failing to take into account gender roles and relations as well as disparities lead to policies that â€Å" occupy limited potency” (p. 5).\r\nAlthough gender disparity is characteristic of developing and poor states, it is not restricted to them. This phenomenon is also observed in wealthier and developed regions where both men and women are comparatively affluent and do not experience scarceness of resources. In these rich societies, minor but noted gender-based discrimination remains. â€Å"Gender discri mination crosses races, classes and ethnicity…” remarks Lucy Bednarek (1998, p. 60) in her article, â€Å"searching for Equality in a Global Economy. Compared to the gender gap in these wealthier states, gender inequality in poor states poses graver consequences to its citizens.\r\nThe devalued women and their children feel the pangs of poverty and bear the heavier brunt of economic unproductivity with greater intensity, compared with the men who birth greater freedom, privilege, and economic and political control. As give tongue to by the UN (2004) in Trade and Gender, â€Å"A gendered perspective of development is seen as a difficult becoming task,” so that extending the gendered approach to the â€Å"realm of trade” is considered to be an nevertheless bigger challenge (55).\r\nYet the brass instrument believes that international trade must assume a gendered approach wherein accelerated economic growth and sustainable development will take place wit hout endangering the social welfare of the women and children in the community. The issue of trade has become so important in the consideration of gender equality because the current multilateral trade negotiation and regional trade agreements (RTAs) have pervaded state development policies.\r\nBecause of these omnipresent bi- and multilateral negotiations and agreements, governments do not just stick decisions solely for the state but also agree to the dictates of the global and regional environment or the boilersuit plan of their affiliated economic groups. This environment therefore affects policies on gender; for the UN (2004, 56), â€Å"Every major bleed in the trading system can have hold or indirect implications for a country’s gender welfare, equity and development goals. ”\r\nThe plague of encroachment and other forms of violence against women have come into increasing focus in recent years, collectible in part to the rising prominence of the feminist movement. Rape has come to be widely sensed not only as a means of obtaining sexual gratification but rather as an extreme manner of expressing hostility to women. This broader definition of the landmark is related to the heightened awareness that far more often than not sexual aggression occurs within the context of courtship or friendship relationships (called â€Å"acquaintance frustrate” or â€Å"date rape”) or even that of marriage.\r\nThe recognition that the forms of coercion used by men over women can go beyond direct and overt use of force brings juristic theory closer to reality. However, some scholars fear that expanding conceptualization of rape and the imprecise definition of sexual harassment serve to blur the distinction between the sexes, especially between the expanded conceptualization of rape and male initiated seduction.\r\nThese problems in defining behavior can exacerbate the hindrance in obtaining rape convictions from male jurors who may discriminate an uncomfortable similarity between some of their let past actions and those of a defendant in such cases. Clearly, there is heightened sensitivity to the problems of rape and sexual harassment that will lead to accelerated efforts in legal and legislative policy formation. Reflecting this heightened sensitivity is the $1. 6 one thousand million in the 1994 Crime Bill to fund strength against Women Act. The challenge is to fight rape and harassment in all their forms while protecting the rights of women.\r\n'

'Having a Child does Reduce Marriage Satisfaction Essay\r'

'Children should be character reference of happiness to a family, entirely that is non unavoidably the side. The addition (or even removal) of a person from a family whitethorn cause the family to require a muss of shake-up in order to maintain its pattern system [LeMasters, 1957 cited in Twenge, Campbell and Foster (2003)]. The inclusion of a new person into the family is ordinarily a phase of crisis since it has to be supported by a reorganization of the family that would strive to restore normalcy while cooperative the new person.\r\nLeMasters (1957) likened the reorganization process to a crisis since it must involve making of concrete decisions to solve problems in old patterns of the family, which be make do somehow insufficient with the unveiling of a new parson, especially a immature. deficiency in a family due to the arrival of newborn arises due to several factors, which may be nowadays linked to the infant or indirectly affecting the parents. Nevertheless , babies at different ages confound different requirements, and olibanum affect family systems in different ways.\r\nTwenge, Campbell and Foster (2003) say that parents with children under the age of five years beget persistent lack of sleep due to the infants’ wishing for close attention particularly at night. In addition, such parents may also experience degenerative tiredness, some form of guilt that they are not offering the best headache (particularly if the infant keeps on crying), and a feeling of too much restriction at home to care for the kid. At the respective(prenominal) level, mothers may be concerned about their appearance, some(prenominal) in terms of the stress involve in taking care of the baby and in the bodily attributes of the body after birth.\r\nAccording to Foley, Kope and Sugrue (2001), first measure mothers are particularly prone to this kind of stress. For the fathers, a research recorded by Gott soldiery (1994) revealed that becoming a father was partly the cause of declines in married woman’s sexual responsiveness and ultimately, dissatisfaction in marriage. Moreover, fathers usually become burdened with a role to be sole breadwinners for the family since the women (even those who are working) have to be lessen to the role of housewives as they take care of babies in their early stages of growth.\r\nIn general, when a married bitstock gets a baby, on that point is a tendency that the equalise may be affected in outcome of ways. To begin with, there may be an subjoin in household chores and stress (since the baby has its cause requirements in addition to the routine duties) (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). This may be amplified due to lack of adequate sentence for password between the checkmate as much of the time is directed to the baby. Secondly, the lack of password would result in poor companionship of the couple.\r\nThirdly, as the gap between the couple and the baby becomes the center o f focus, the couple’s sexual life may be extinguish (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). In addition, as a married couple gets distant due to the arrival of a baby, they may seek solace in their daily activities but this is likely to confer a number of disadvantages to the family since there may be an overload in lay in roles of each parent (partner).\r\nMcCary (1975) and Morgan (1988) have shown that in case the wives are not working, the arrival of a baby exacerbates depedendecy of the wife on the man hence the man feels more superior at the expense of the profane wife. Hence, birth raises inequity between married partners. Finally, having a child generates negative assessments of marriage, especially among the non-traditional women who may emotional state at giving birth and taking care of a baby as too windy and involving a task (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003).\r\nIn spite of the many another(prenominal) challenges faced by families in having children, some auth ors (such as Foley, Kope and Sugrue [2001]) have noted that having a child may decrease marriage satisfaction, increase it or have no proceeds at all. Hence, all the aforesaid(prenominal) effects of having a child cannot be generalised to all families since different facilities have different levels of culture and economic standing among other factors. It is thus expenditure noting that having a child confers various effects on the family setting.\r\nThis paper go forth focus on the effect of having child in marriage but exit be biased towards the preposition that having a child or children does reduce satisfaction in marriage. The paper bequeath involve a review of past plant on the concept accompanied with concise discussion based on the findings. In order to come up with a deduction on the topic, conclusions will be derived from the discussion to justify if the perception thence holds water.\r\n'

'Human Resourse Management in Pakistan\r'

'HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN (Major military man recourses ch bothenges in Pakistan human beings s intimately upness investment, world being Recourse arranging policies and ways to extend those challenges) door humankind elections ar the he machi country of the wellness placement and wellness dispense managers nonplus a critical usance in de vergeination of act of the ashes [1]. Our savings and investment level puke be raised only when we argon in a position to convert our unproductive and underutilized human and internal preferences into dynamic and self-sustained great and potential gunman of economic growth.The human beings wellness Organization (WHO) has define the wellness acidifyforce as â€Å"all tribe primarily engaged in actions with the primary intention of enhancing wellness”. This definition is consistent with the WHO definition of wellness system of ruless as comprising all activities with the primary goal of up(p ) wellness. The wellness men is one of the more or less eventful p seasickars of the health system. Adequate subroutines and tonus of health workers take in been positively associated with successful implementation of health interventions, including immunization coverage, tabu line of primary sympathize with, and infant, child and paternal survival. 2] man Resource Management is a advert to remediate productivity of people in the judicature. Good compassionate mental imagery management approach with st ordaingic, ethical and friendly responsibility which further help to achieve organization goal and objectives. benevolent Resource management is an art to transform changes as employee commitment and opportunity by means of ontogenesis their knowledge & skills and motivating them. In sustaining coarse human resource players be considered requirement since they can serve as intellect of an organization.A loyal, dedicated, skilled, high-octane and product ive human resources is valuable assets of an organization just non reflected on the symmetricalness sheet. [3] Pakistan story In 1947, Pakistan was created as British rule came to an end in India. In 1971, East Pakistan demanded independence, and after a damn civil war it was transformed into what is now the country of Bangladesh. As one of the most crowded countries in the world, Pakistan faces enormous economic and social crises.Fortunately, however, it possesses an abundance of graphic resources that can help it overcome these challenges [4] Pakistan is blessed with big(a) natural and human resources but most of these be in crude form. â€Å"According to official selective information, thither argon 127,859 doctors and 12,804 health facilities in the country to put up for over 170 million people. ” [5] â€Å"Infant death rate rate: 72/1,000 live birth, Maternal death rate rate: 260/100,000 live birth sort of having 7. 8 Physicians/10,000 population, 3. Nurses and midwifes/10,000 population; overall 11. 6 health c are manpower /10,000 population in the country” [6] In Pakistan the health system remains functionally light and the quality of health assistants is poor, despite genuinely old constitutional support for health give care as a right and a large Ministry of wellness at national and provincial levels [7, 8]. In Pakistan health sector performance has not been evaluated in terms of inputs, processes or activities and outputs for different types of resources including human resources.Very lilliputian is known about compositions of health managers, their skills, and facts of life, and spec ifically the polity for deployment. The first and foremost prerequisite for human resources draw near is the proper attention to the health sector. No nation can dream of acquiring preeminence in any field with sick and disabled persons so developed nations invest quite a good for you(p) amount in their health sector. In Pakistan, unfortunately, receivable attention is not paid to this important sector. humans resources for health apply novelly been emphasized as a central component in providing a warmer health system to achieve the Millennium Development Goals [9]. absence or nonimplementation of appropriate human resource policies that address appropriate numbers of staff, their qualifications, deployment, operative conditions, and sexuality dissemination are associated with many fusss in the health work force [10]. Frequency of turnover of key managerial staff has likewise been associated with poor system performance [11]. Human Resource Development and Management challengesPakistan has been categorise as one of 57 countries that are lining an HRH crisis, below the threshold level defined by WHO to deliver the essential health interventions required to r for each one Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 [12]. Health manpower scheme is usually low on a country’s agenda, despite the understanding that scaling-up health interventions to reach MDGs is not possible without a lower limit level of health workforce. National health workforce strategies require reliable and timely information, rational system analysis and a firm knowledge base.However, data analysis, research on HRH and technical expertise are still underdeveloped in many countries, in part due to low investment in HRH [13]. Pakistan’s new draft National health policy 2009 mandated the outgrowth of strategies in various key areas, including HRH [14] on that point is a deprivation of clear long-term vision for human resource growing and the federal MOH or provincial DOH does not have a unit, responsible for such an important health system function. [15] The imbalances in health workforce in terms of cadre, gender and distribution are well known in Pakistan.The public sector continues to to a great extent invest its scarce resources in the development of health check exam colleges an d universities rather than investing in improving quality and quantity of nursing institutions, public health schools and technicians bringing up institutions. In the context of health system development, at that place is a serious buncoage of pendant health system specialists such as health and human res ource visualiseners, health economists, health information experts and health system and hospital managers.Pre - table service training of health professionals follows traditional methods and thither is a mismatch between educational objectives, which centeringing on hospital base care, instead of addressing the requisites of the communities for promotive, preventive curative and rehabilitative go. The Pakistan checkup and Dental Council (PM&DC) is responsible for registration, licensing and evaluation of the health check examination and alveolar practitioners, the attempts made by PM&DC have not materialized yet.Regulation of snobbish practitioners and di fferent traditional categories of medical practice such as homeopathic doctors and Yunani Hakims is non-existent. Human Resource in health care is not appropriately planned in Pakistan, with the result that in that respect are more doctors than nurses, dearth of trained midwives, urban concentration, brain drain from homespun to urban areas and abroad, on with other issues think to curriculum, quality of graduates and their proceed supervision.The service structure for health workers is poorly defined it, favors term of office over competence, largely ignores technical capacities and does not kick incentives or rewards for performance. The conduct of education for medical, nursing and think cadres is mostly conventional and does not utilize fresh developments in the field of medical education. Though curricula have been revised from time to time, in majority of cases they are not locally contextualized and are not based on competencies and skills.There is no organized system for continuing medical education for any health providers who are also largely unsupervised and at multiplication ill equipped with newer knowledge/skills to tackle emergent diseases. This holds true for management cadres as well. The health system is currently not conducive to nurses, midwives and confederate health professionals playing pivotal roles in ensuring the provision and slant of effective primary health care function in th e absence of doctors.Health governance have yet to be convinced that PHC serve can be successfully provided and delivered by nurses, midwives and allied health professionals making up local teams with the relevant staffing complement and skills mix. [14] All publicly employed doctors are forbidden from practicing privately and many of them receive non practicing allow inances as part of their non salary allowances under the law of the country, That notwithstanding, most of them run lucrative private sector clinics dapple working in hospitals a nd often use the public sector leverage to boost practices in private facility settings.A number of unethical practices such as refusing to see patients i n hospitals and referring them to private clinics are well effected and are almost regarded as a conventional norm. Provider-driven over-consumption of health services, over-prescription, and over-use of diagnostics as well as violation of ethical guide lines in clinical practice are well established in Pakistan. In terms of the morality of health care alone, frequent violations of the four staple fiber principles of: the full to autonomy, Right to privacy, Right to choose and Right to information are often seen. 17] High rate of frequent transfer and posting is also a major reason of low levels of performance in public health sector. A study was conducted on the 54 top provincial offices in the politics of Sindh Department of Health over the period of 24 grades (1981-2004). There were 689 transfers/postings made in the 54 key offices studied over the 24 family time period. Almost half (48. 9%) of these postings lasted no prolonged than 1 year. The offices affected highest were tertiary/ regulate care hospitals (54 tim es) and district health offices (37 times) respectively. 18] Recommendation and anteriority actions towards Human resource development Since the Pakistan is enriched with human resources there is emerge need to develop strategy for optimal utilization of it especially in public heath sector. WHO reviewed the health system of Pakistan and suggested that there is need to develop a clear policy and strategies for human resource development according to the longer term verbalise health development vision for Paki stan and to the more imperativeness requirements of improving health service rescue in the country .The report emphasize on role of health care providers and institutions through a theme human resources for health (HRH) observatory, which should bring together all stake ho lders involved in human resource development. It suggested that to deal with standard setting and regulatory functions strategic planning in human resource development at federal and provincial levels is required. It reflected the essentiality to established position such as human resource planners, health economists, health information experts and health system managers, which are attractive enough to recruit qualified and experienced persons.In addition, tackle their shortage in the short term through external fellowships and in the longer term through the development of accredited training programs in the country. A nursing directorate should be established in the MOH in clubhouse to ratify leadership and to address the nursing crisis. There is need to review the role of the PM&DC, CPSP and other institutions in term of new developments and planned reforms. By providing problem based training the system can orient the production of health workforce towards more focus on p ublic health and community needs.In order to provide the necessary support to the various reforms aimed at increasing access to health services and at improving health system performance; strengthen of partner institutions such as Health run Academy (HSA), schools of public health, academia and professional institutions is required. Human resource policy in government bureaucracies should be developed to stabilize professional positions while having a clear transfer policy in place and improve the performanc e of the health care delivery system. 15] Efficient and effective development of a health care system needs of equitable gender distribution of women in the health workforce. [19] To brook out such needs ministry of health, Pakistan came up with national health policy in July 2009 which recommended that Federal and health authorities go away play a vital role for the development of the health resource in Pakistan. This federal and Provincial Health authorities will look huma n resource needs based on requirements outlined in essential health services package and provincial strategies.It will direct and relieve the teaching institutions in reorienting their curricula and training t o being competency-based with enhanced exposure to the community and with responsiveness to the local needs and compliance with international standards. It includes that each district will be linked to a teaching institution so that the latter can provide technical support and supervision to the designer to improve rural health care services.All medical graduates will be recommended to be posted to rural centers for a period of at least 6 months after graduation. The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council will go out that those undergoing post graduate training also disperse through district health centers. Provincial health authorities will appoint and retain relevant cadres of appropriate health personnel with special focus on staffing district primary care outlets and on r ecruiting women.Provincial health departments will track human resources for health by establishing a database of doctors, nurses, midwives and allied health professionals working in the BHUs and RHCs across each province and those in training funded by the government. [14] Conclusion A legal population is not only valued in its own right, but it also raises the human capital of a country thereby positively add to the economic and social development.A considerable improvement in health sector facilities over the past year is reflected in the existing vast network of health care facilities which consist of 4712 dispensaries, 5,336 basic health units, 924 hospitals, 906 maternal and child health centers and 288 TB centers. Available HR is 122798 doctors, 7388 dentist and 57646 nurses. [20] A major strength of health care services in Pakistan is very strong outreach via about 95,000 Lady Health Workers (LHWs) and an increasing number of community midwives (CMWs).Inspite of all there is a lack of clear long-term vision for human resource development, which is necessary to address the imbalances in health workforce with appropriate skills; and improved motivation, retention and productivity; Human resources in health care are not appropriately planned in Pakistan, with the result that there are more doctors than nurses and â€Å"brain drain”, along with other issues related to curriculum, quality of graduates and their continuing supervision.The service structure for health workers is poorly defined it, favors land tenure over competence, largely ignores technical capacities and does not allow incentives or rewards for performance. The conduct of education for medical, nursing and related cadres is mostly conventional and does not utilize recent d evelopments in the field of medical education. There is no organized system for continuing medical education for any health providers who are also largely unsupervised and at times ill equipped with the skills t o tackle emerging diseases.National Health insurance policy 2010 is include a vision for the role HRH strategy can play in helping to meet the country’s goals for improving health care services for all Pakistanis. In addition, the current HRH judicial decision will serve as evidence for a new HRH strategy to be dev eloped and implemented by the Ministry of Health. The national and provincial authorities will comprehensibly plan and forecast their human resource requirement for undermentioned 10 years according to the proposed services in the respective areas and take robust short term and long term steps to achieve the balance in manpower. 6] Provincial health authorities will also develop, implement and maintain a database of health human resource, including the private sector. Nationwide campaigns will be launched to promote the permanent roles that nurse, midwives and allied health professionals may play in providing and delivering effective services to the public. By: †Mr. Vikas Jain References 1. Martinez J, Martineau T. Rethinking human resources: an agenda for the millennium. Healt h insurance policy and Planning 1998 2. The world health report 2006: working together for health .Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. 3. Dr. Zareen Abbasi garter Professor Department of unexclusive Administration University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Human Resource Management in Pakistan , The Elite scientific Publications, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 2009 4. World Atlas . com [http://graphicmaps. com/webimage/countrys/asia/pk. htm] 5. http://southasia. oneworld. net/todaysheadlines/healthcare-in-pakistan-too-expensive-to-afford 6. CCF Case study, establishing an HRH coordination process, Pakistan, rascal 1, 2 7. Siddiqi S, Haq IU, Ghaffar a, Akhtar T, Mahaini R.Pakistans maternal and child health policy: analysis, lessons and the way forward. Health policy 2004; page 117-130. 8. Bhutta ZA, Ali N, Hyder A, Wajid A. â€Å"perinatal & Newborn Care in Pakistan : Seeing the spiritual domain! ” Maternal and Child health in Pakistan. Challenges And Opportunities: modify by Zulfiqar A Bhutta. Ameena Saiyid, Oxford University Press 2004. 9. Narasimhan V, Brown H, Pablos-Mendez A, Adams O, Dussault G, Elzinga G, et al. Responding to the world(a) human resources crises. The Lancet 2004; page 14 -72. 10. Martineau T, Martinez J.Human resources in the health sector: guidelines for appraisal and strategic development Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General for Development, â€Å"Health and Development Series” 1997. 11. Buchan J. What difference does (â€Å"good”) HRM possess? Human Resources for Health 2004 12. Global atlas of the health workforce. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www. who. int/globalatlas, accessed 12 celestial latitude 2009). 13. Narasimhan V et al. Responding to the global human resources crisis. Lancet, 2004 14. National health policy 2009. Islamabad, Ministry of Health (final draft) ( http://www. health. gov. pk, accessed 5 May 2010). 5. say of the Health System Review Mission †Pakistan, World Health Organization United Nations Children Fund, Department for supranational Development, United Kingdom, The World Bank, February 19-28, 2007, Islamabad 16. Corruption in the health sector in Pakistan , Pakistan Health polity forum 17. Abdul Hakeem Jokhio B. S. , Ph. D. Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, H ealth System Managerial Staffing Patterns: Public Sector Experience From P akistan, 18. World Health Organization. World Health Report 2003-Shaping the future. Geneva; 2003. 19. Pakistan scotch Survey, 2007\r\n'

'Advertising and Imagery: Big Mac Attack! Essay\r'

'The health dangers represented by excessive unclouded plague of unfluctuating food such as that marketed by McDonald’s, though gaining increased recognition today, remain largely unknown or unacknowledged by a great many sectors of the American pubic. This is the premise which do the image pictured in Adbusters and subjected to discussion here(predicate). authorize â€Å"Big macintosh Attack,” the advertisement parody feature here uses dark humor sooner than ironical statistical information in order to depend upon home the point to fast food l all overs and the commonplace public that fast food turn overs to graduate(prenominal) cholesterol, high blood pressure and heart disease.\r\nThe ad’s subject is a surgery room, which does not in any direct way seem to lecture the images associated with fast food. With an cardiogram monitor occupying the left devote foreground, the right-bound background shows a doctor and an assistant poring over an unsee n heart patient. From the perspective of the viewer, the patient’s feet are visible, poking morbidly from the blanket covering the otherwise obscured body. The sharp right angle of the EKG monitor cuts in diagonally from off-screen, with the whole of the car not totally visible.\r\nThe bottom horizontal root forming the right angle serves to underline the lone home run featured on the screen. The phrase ‘Big Mac Attack! ’ is featured here, as though a part of the EKG display. On the lower put down of the vertical line in the right angle, a perpindicular line indicates the front edge of the thin hunch frame. With almost perfect symmetry, the patient’s visible feet are angled outward and centered in this portion of the image. The two surgeons flanking him complete this symmetrical impression.\r\n different shapes maintain the rigid consistency of the image, such as the chart dangling from the bed and the operating lamp suspension just above the patien t. The lone point of peculiarity from this rigid angular orientation is in the distinguishing dictation of apprise. This is the image of the so-called â€Å"Golden Arches,” which have been overlying into the heart monitor read-out shown on the EGK machine. Here, the familiarity of the McDonald’s logo serves against the company’s image-management.\r\nWithout depicting any of the themes such as fun, family and deliciousness that help it to sell its notice name, the ad invokes McDonald’s by using its crime syndicate logo. This is sufficient to help clarify the purpose of the decide of displayed images. Additionally, the farcical tone of the work becomes more presumable here. The faded and morose quality of the imagery here is interrupted only by the swooping image and its associate colors. Indeed, the chromatic contrast here intended overly plays a significant part in making the impression to be drawn from the work.\r\nSpecifically, the bleak blue, white and gray which haze over the patient and his physicians, astutely supplemented by the midnight blue and black hues of the EKG monitor, take in home a sense of impending doom. In the midst of this, the red and yellow elements of the ‘Golden Arches’ supply this part of the image to draw the focus of attention. This underscores the value of the work, which is driven by both its criticism of the overlap in question and its exploitation of the success which McDonald’s has enjoyed as a tremendously marketed tick off icon.\r\nThe typography is thusly conveyed, presenting the rather explicit statement that fast food can be deadly. Moreover, we are lead by the medium and approach to suggest that the authors of the ad parody also believe that McDonald’s publicizing supremacy has been a direct contributing agent to the public health hazard represented by the public. This is, if nothing else, a small attempt recontextualize the brand image to meet publi c health rather than retail aims.\r\n'

'English Law Report\r'

'Introduction In UK t present ar trinity main etymons of English uprightness, economy (Statue coquet-orderedity), crude police (Judge-made justice) and the European Communities integrity. Pg 41, Longshaw, (2002) The purpose of this report is to formulate the institution of Common made Law and as well as to explain art of apprehension, inattention, trespass, and consent. I w calamity also mien at how specific legislations instruct health flush pr doingiti unmatchedrs as to their sub judice responsibilities. Statute Law Legislation however, is probably the most important source of practice of constabulary in the UK. Legislation unquestionable later than super C law as a major source of law.It is made by Parliament, i. e. the House of Commons, the House of overlords and the milkweed hardlyterfly and they cigaret pip or unmake each law. Proposals for legislation (‘Bills) are presented to debate by and voted upon by the House of Common and the House o f Lords, finally receiving the concur of the Monarch and thus becoming Acts (Statutes) of Parliament. Common Law Common law forms a major articulation of Englands law. It covers reciprocal crimes that happen on a daytime to day basis and prepare always existed such as rape, assault, murder and theft.It is created and refined by resolve: a determination in a presently pending levelheaded wooing depends on endings in previous cases and affects how the law is applied in in store(predicate) cases. Common law evolves with time and the sentencing for various crimes butt end be made harsher or softer. It uses the idea of priority so that penalizations that have been passed before in quasi(prenominal) crimes can be used to determine the punishment for a similar crime. When there is no irresponsible statement of the law, adjudicates have the authority and debt instrument to make law by creating precedent. Jokinen, 2009) A anteriority of common law is set d receive by Lord Atkins through the Donaghue vs. Stevenson case. at that power are twain guinea pigs of precedents: binding precedents (a past decision which is binding †the legal point of the earlier case is identical or fitly similar to the present one and the decision was rendered by a higher court) or glib-tongued precedents (which the court may consider but is not bound to follow) Sources of persuasive precedent may also be the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the European Court of Human Rights or courts of countries which also go through the common law.Duty of Care In English law an separate is owed a duty of trouble by another(prenominal), to ensure that they do not suffer paradoxical harm or loss. This definition of duty of trouble cognize today came from Lord Atkin and the ‘Neighbour Principle that came from the concept on the Donaghue vs. Stevenson case in 1932. The Donaghue verses Stevenson is the case of Mrs Donaghue claiming remediation from gastroente ritis after drinking a bottleful of ginger beer and finding a decomposing snail in it. She was claiming damages against Mr. Stevenson the manufactures of the ginger beer.When this case outgrowth came to court neither Scottish law nor British common law saw duty of care in regards to someone remotely connected. Lord Atkins changed things by maxim everyone has a duty of care to their live here is a quote of what the legal definition of a neighbour should be. â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not ill-use your neighbour; and the lawyers question â€Å"Who is my neighbour? ” receives a certified reply. You must take reasonable care to ward off acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee and would be likely to injure your neighbour.Who hence in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in reflectivity as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. ” (Lord Atkins, 1932) When this duty of care is not acted upon this s called carelessness. slackness Negligence is a tort law, which establishes legal liability for careless actions or inactivity which causes injury.Therefore negligence is not concerned with the action or inaction, but with the manner in which the action or inaction is carried out. Negligent conduct is that which falls below an gratifying standard, this standard has been established in order to hold dear others from an unreasonable risk of harm. Not every type of carelessness is specify as legal negligence. There are four elements that extremity to be resurrectn for an action or inaction to be defined as legal negligence this are; duty, breach, antecedent and damage.The â€Å"ABC” rule has to be met before negligence can be. A is that there has to be a duty of care between the health care practitioner and the enduring. B is that the actions of the health care practitioner fell short of the duty of care set in A. And C is that this action leads to damages occurring. Negligence is a part of Tort law. take advantage Trespass to the person in a medical checkup cathode-ray oscilloscope could be a doctor or guard carrying out a procedure without the consent of the patient; however this is not always the case.In some cases doctors can perform emergency procedures to save a patients liveliness without their consent this is sometimes because the patient is too ill to consent or there is a tortuousness while another procedure is taking place. An utilization of trespass to the body in a medical setting is the case of Bartley v Studd. This case is about John Studd removing Mrs Bartleys ovaries while doing a hysterectomy without her consent. (Garner, 1997). In the case of trespass, it does not have to be proved that all harm has occurred to the patient, which could have been the case in the in a hi gher place situation.However, if the patient could prove that they would not have agree to the procedure having known the risks beforehand and they can prove that they have suffered harm as a result, then they could succeed in a case of negligence against the book (Dimond 2003). Role and codes of practice Legislation, also known as Acts of Parliament or Statutes, is the commonest source of radical law in the United Kingdom and is of cracking relevance to health, care ; social workers. There is another form of law known as scale Law -essentially ‘judge-made law.This is often referred to as Common law, developed by individual judicial decisions. Where a legal issue has been decided by a judge or judges in a boss court, lower courts are bound to follow this decision in subsequent cases. In other speech when a senior judge has made a decision about case, other judges support by this decision (called a precedent). Most law was made this way up until the 17th ampere-second b ut more recent legislation is more or less all created by Acts of Parliament, referred to as Primary Legislation.The bureau of the judges is still important though, as they diddle a part in law-making by interpret Acts of Parliament and their rulings may become law, as in the case of Regulations. Both the Acts and their applicable Regulations are law. Regulations and guidelines Regulations, guidance and procedures along with various codes of practice produced by the relevant professional person bodies: the Nursing ; Midwifery Council (NMC) for Nurses and Midwifes, recommend what is considered to be good practice on a day-by-day basis for professionals.This means in effect that the professional has a defence against claims of malpractice or negligence if s/he has followed the authorised guidance and regulations. However the reversed also applies. If a professional has not followed veritable guidance or procedure and a lymph gland or patient has suffered harm as a result of t he professionals actions, the professional may be in person put guilty of negligence. Trespass and Consent Common law has protected the personal and bodily interests of the individual through the law of trespass.When a patient undergoes treatment, it is the cookery of consent that obstructs the doctor from being held liable for a battery or for negligence. The essential elements to a reasoned consent can be summed up as follows: a) the patient must have sufficient understanding, differently known as the mental capacity to make the decision, b) the patient must consent (or refuse) the treatment of his own free give, with no duress or extravagant influence, and c) the patient must have been given sufficient information about the proposed treatment. 1 patient is exposed of making such decisions, his consent or refusal will be valid.In practice it can be seen that a patient who is very unsteady on their feet is at high risk of falling and it can be reasonably foreseeable that th e patient could fall. In this situation, the shelter should take appropriate action to try and prevent the patient falling, and this falls within the duty of care that the nurse owes the patient. The nurse could communicate with other staff about the patients mobility and also put interventions in place to help prevent the patient falling. However, if the nurse was to fail this reasonably foreseeable event and the patient did fall, the nurse would be in breach of her duty and could be negligent.For an act of negligence to be established, it must first be determined that there is a duty of care owed. The Bolam test may be one way of establishing negligence in this case as other nurses in the same field may be asked what actions they would have taken in this situation. Conclusion. In this report we see that everyday practice professionals need to always refer to legislation directly †agencies that utilisation health and care workers, such as the NHS and amicable Services Dep artments, will usually have produced documents that decimal point policy and procedure, designed to help them act in accordance with the law.In conclusion this report also gives us a slight insight into the English Law within the legal system today. Bibliography Bradney, F. C. (200). English sub judice System in Context (2nd ed. ). London: beating-reed instrument Elsevier Ltd. Curzon, L. (2002). Dictionary of Law (6th ed. ). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. Fleming, J. G. (1998). The Law of Torts (9th ed. ). Sydney: LBC culture Services. Garner, C. (1997, September 27). Doctor who removed patients ovaries without her consent found guilty of misconduct. Retrieved Feb 13, 2013, from The Independent: http://www. ndependent. co. uk/news/doctor-who-removed-patients-ovaries-without-her-consent-found-guilty-of-misconduct-1241322. html Gibbins, J. M. (2003). pinpoint A-Z Law Handbook (3rd ed. ). London: Hodder and Stoughton Educational. Holdsworth, M. (2006). Introduction to the English L egal System. citizED Citizenship and Teacher Education. Jokinen, A. (2009, April 13). Common Law. Retrieved November 7, 2010, from Luminarium: http://www. luminarium. org/encyclopedia/commonlaw. htm Lewis, J. P. (2008, November 11). stripling who won right to die: ‘I have had oo much trauma. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from Guardian: http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2008/nov/11/child-protection-health-hannah-jones Lord Atkins, L. B. -P. (1932). Donoghue verses Stevenson. Retrieved from Scottish Council of Law Reporting: Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http://www. scottishlawreports. org. uk/resources/dvs/page-images/pages/Lord-Atkin-Page-2. html bloody shame Charman, J. M. (2004). Law AS & A2. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Quinn, C. E. (2006). AS Law (3rd ed. ). Essex: Pearsin Education Ltd. Pg 41, Longshaw, A & Hughes, M W200: Understanding Law †manual(a) 1 (6th Edition), (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford). BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. spanker G. and Kelly D. The English Legal System (5th Edition), (2001) Cavendish Publishing Ltd, London. 2. Longshaw, A & Hughes, M W200: Understanding Law †Manual 1 (6th Edition), (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford). 3. Penner J. E. Law Dictionary (12th Eidtion), (2001) Butterworths, London). 4. http://www. lawcampus. butterworths. com/log_in. htm 5. http://athens. butterworths. co. uk/athenslogin/FormsLogin. asp? /athenslogin/buttlogin. htm\r\n'

'Modern World: Things Fall Apart\r'

'â€Å" We can non leave the emergence in his hands because he doesn’t non look our custom-makes, that as we do not discern his. We say he is idiotic because he does not know our ways, and perhaps he says we are foolish because we do not know his. Let him go away” (*1). This quote shows the major theme of the book of account which is change vs tradition. The quote shows the theme perfectly; basic everyy it shows the ignorance of most of the Umuofia folk and their affright of the exsanguinous quite a littles last victorious over theirs. They are dealing with the interrogative mood of whether change should be privileged over tradition.The plenty of Umuofia deprivation a little change plainly at the same time they constitute fear of only lo uglinessg their way of life, the people are shared stunned on the subject at hand at what the right and wrong social function to do is, and how ofttimes is to much change. When the first white manpower was r ealisen on that point was controversy already. The homo was seen in Abame, the elders at unity time went to see their oracle bulge of fear. The oracle told the elders that â€Å" the strange humans would break their set and spread destruction among them” (*2). So the people killed the white men immediately emerge of fear.Then a few weeks later out of penalize three white men went to the Abame market and picture perpetu aloneyy i except the people that werent thither. The Abame people were foolish they should use up known â€Å" Never kill a man who says nothing” ( * 3). yet regardless of why the snap happened at the Abame market the gossip had started and the fear had knack in for the white men. subsequentlywards the Abame incident, otherwisewise white people began to show. The white missionaries went to Umuofia and had begun building church buildinges there and began acquiring converts.Not e genuinelyone was fond of the unusedborn faith though, still the leadership of the tribe were not scarred because they believed that the weird conviction would not last. Missionaries in addition arrived in the village of Mbanta. The missionaries begun vocalizing the people of the villages about the vernal religion â€Å" We imbibe been sent by this great God to request you to leave your wicked ways and rancid gods and loose to Him so that you may be saved when you go away” (*4). The missionaries started to view the people of the villages question their religion and culture, and to win them think am I just worshiping false gods of wood and stone?Is all the rituals and killing and destroying unreserved children actually right? Many questions began to stir. One psyche in particular who was captivated by the reinvigorated religion was Nwoye, Okonkwo’s son. Nwoye became one of the first converts, however because of this change with his life that meant that he was no long-acting part of Okonkwo’s life or ever be considered his son. Even though this hurt Nwoye, he mat up a relief in his life, so he thought that he could find other people inside his bleak religion that would bother along him more in exercise his father ever had.As the missionaries unploughed on spreading the word of their new religion and changing peoples life’s, they trenchant to ask for almost land to build their church. So the clan clear-cut to drop dead them as much land someplace as they wanted. The missionaries were very happy that they were getting the land, but what they didn’t know was the land they were getting was called the â€Å" infernal forest” because it was aalive(p) with sinister forces and was evil. The â€Å" evil forest” was where the clan had buried everyone that died from evil diseases.There was a so called fella that was set on the forest, so the people of Mbanta expected the missionaries to all be dead within four twenty-four hour periods. Not knowing of the curse the missionaries begun immediately clearing out the forest and building their church, and as each day went by and no one was dying the people of Mbanta were questioned about why the curse wasnt working on the white men. The church in Mbanta kept getting stronger and stronger as each day passed and was getting more converts. Okonkwo remained angered at the new changes in Mbanto, â€Å" until the abominable gang was chased out of the village with whips there would be no love-in-idleness” (*5).Although some did not mind the changes â€Å" It is not our custom to fight for our gods, let us not put on to do so now” (*6). Although everyone had their own opinions of the matter at hand, the assembly out of fear decided to exclude the Christians from the privileges and life of the clan. Even though the new faith had only a few converts at first, the christians quickly grew and had became a small community and they were not waiver to be easily shut down. After the s all the same up years of Okonkwo living in Mbanta, he was at last able to go covert to Umuofia after being exiled.Although things had been changing in Mbanta, Okonkwo was unaware that Umuofia had also been changing. He still expected to just go choke and have everything still be the same, even though that was the total opposite. The new church was not the only thing that had changed since he was gone in Umuofia; the white men also brought a new government to the village. The men of author were no durable the high titled men, chief priests, and the elders, the men of power were now the zone of Commissioner, and the court couriers.The District Commissioner had pass the head of the government in Umuofia who judged cases ignorantly, because there were the court messengers who guarded the new prison, which was filled with citizens who would not listen to the white man’s laws. Okonkwo was very confused about what has happened to the village he once had some power o ver. â€Å" What is it that has happened to our people? Why have they lost the power to fight (*7)? ” Okonkwo was so dumbstruck about how his once perfectly traditional southeast african village had changed into a government controlled christian village.So many things were changing, not only did the white men bring a new religion, and a new government, but they also brought trading to the village, which helped the village have more of a money flow and schools were base to be built. The clan had become barely recognisable to Okonkwo anymore, it was ruinationing by in his eyes. The village had not only begun to fall apart in Okonkwo’s eyes but in others soon to exist too. On the annual worship of the earth goddess day, one of the egwugwu’s masks were accidentally torn off by Enoch, which was one of the greatest crimes a man could commit.Enoch showed everyone that that the egwugwu’s were merely men impersonating spirits, therefore Enoch had basically k illed an communicable spirit. From Enoch doing that he helped the missionaries falsify the Umuofias religion and show that it was all superstition, but he also re-sparked the conflict amid the christian church and the clan. That was the last straw for the clan with dealing with the christians, â€Å" Tell him to go back to his home plate and leave us alone… But this enshrine which he built must be destroyed. We shall no longer allow it in our midst” (*8).The clan came in agreement to burns down the church; which makes Okonkwo very happy for once. The men in Umuofia finally begun to take back the village that was once theirs, so the next few days the men were arm and stayed aware. As the men were on cloud lodge thinking things might end up going back to the traditional ways, they forgot to remember that their was still a government. The district commissioner was at a tour when the clan decided to burn down the church and not follow the laws. But when the District Co mmissioner did come back from his tour, Mr.Smith, who was the head missionary ,immediately caught the Commissioner up on what had happened fleck he was away. After finding out what had happened the Commissioner got his messenger to round up the leaders of Umuofia for a come across. When all six leaders, including Okonkwo, met up at the commissioners headquarters they were asked what had happened, forward they even had a chance to explain what had happened then they were immediately arrested. â€Å" I have brought you here because you united together to molest others, to burn people’s houses and their place of worship” (*8).The six leaders were fined with ii hundred bags of cowries and were sentenced to prison and would not be released until they gainful the fine, and if they choose not to they would be taken to Umuru to be hung. Thankfully each one of the leaders pay the fine, and were set free. Okonkwo was so incredible angered when he was let out of the prison . Later that night when he went back to his hut he could barley even sleep. on the whole he could think about was revenge, and how no matter what he was not going to back out of his plan.The next morning he went to the meeting place, which was the marketplace where he was going to meet Obierika. â€Å" All our gods are cry. Idemili is weeping, Ogwugwu is weeping, Agbala is weeping, and all the others. Our dead fathers are weeping because of the shameful sacrilege they are suffering and the iniquity we have all seen with our eyes” (*9). Okonkwo decided that comme il faut was enough he was not going to point of view by and watch his clan fall apart any longer. â€Å" We must root out this evil. And if our brothers take the side of evil we must root them out too.And we must do it now. We must bale this irrigate now that it is only ankle deep… ” (*10). And that is on the button what Okonkwo did. He stood by his word, and he did what he felt was right. He shot and killed a messenger at the market place, where every person witnessed with their own eyes. currently after this the District Commissioner arrived at Okonkwo’s tangled to retrieve him to be killed because of the sin he had just committed, but the commissioner along with a few other people had realized he was to late the deed had been already done.Okonkwo was found hanging dead on a tree behind his compound; he committed suicide. When Okonkwo was found dead Obierika turned to the District Commissioner and said, â€Å" That man was one of the greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself; and now he allow be buried like a pass over” (*11). So rather then wait to be killed and humiliated, Okonkwo took matters into his own hands and killed himself. In the book Things fall apart the main character Okonkwo ended up both losing and winning at the end.He lost in the sense of the new religion, and government, and basically just the general change ended up winnin g over tradition. Which was what he feared all along. But in a sense he won because the last thing he did before he died was something he completely believed was the right thing to do, so he neer gave up or stopped trying, even though he knows that he did all that he could and tried. But In the end it was just unbearable for him to live any longer with all that had changed in his village, so he did what he wanted to do, which was killing the messenger, then he killed himself.He killed himself because he understood that since he killed the messenger he was then going to be killed for the sin he had committed. But he he didnt want to be killed by someone else and be made as an example, and he didn’t want to give the satisfaction to the District Of Commissioner by letting himself get killed by him. So in the end he just gave up and realized their was nothing else he could do about the situation at hand. â€Å"The earth has no end, and what is good among one people is an execr ation with others” (* 11).That shows that no matter that people will eternally see things differently, what is good or bad or what is right or what is wrong. No matter what, the knowledge base will never be agreeing on the matter at hand, there will always be fighting and arguing as long as their is something to be argued about. So in the end through with(predicate) all the fighting and heartache Okonkwo’s wipeout symbolized the tradition dyeing out and change taking over.\r\n'